REPORT 



OF THE 



MINISTER OF EDUCATION 



ON THE SUBJECT OF 



TECHNICAL EDUCATION, 



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PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST. 

1889. 



REPORT 



OF THE 



Qor^jfju 



MINISTER OF. EDUCATION 



: \"h 



ON THE SUBJECT OF 



TECHNICAL EDUCATION, 



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PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST. 

1889. 






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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION vii. 

CORNELL UNIVERSLTY (ITHACA, NEW YORK) : 

The Faculty 1 

Special Lecturers , 2 

Buildings 3 

Sibley College _ 3 

Chemical and Physical Building 3 

Chemical Museum 4 

Special Museums , 4 

Laboratories , 6 

Chemical Laboratory 6 

General Civil Engineering Laboratory 6 

Mechanical Laboratory 7 

Physical Laboratory , . . '. , 7 

University Library , 8 

Physics ' 8 

Lecture Courses in Elementary Physics 8 

Courses of Laboratory Instruction 9 

Chemistry „ . . . . 9 

Descriptive and Theoretical Chemistry. . . , 9 

Analytical Chemistry 9 

Organic n 11 

Applied ii 11 

Metallurgy 11 

Architecture , 11 

Civil Engineering 12 

Sibley College op Mechanical Engineering and the Mechanic Arts 13 

Regular Course 13 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 13 

it " Mechanic Arts or Shop work 14 

ii M Industrial Drawing and Arts 15 

Industrial Art 15 

Electrical Engineering 15 

Graduate Courses 16 

Electrical, Marine, Mining, Steam Engineering ; 16 

Railroad Machinery '. 16 

Special or Artisan Course 16 

Mechanical Engineering 17 

Course in Architecture , 17 

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY (BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA) : 

Faculty 17 

Free Tuition 17 

Buildings : 

Packer Hall 18 

Chemical Laboratory 18 

Metallurgical n 19 

Physical n , 19 

Sayre Observatory 19 

University Library 19 

Gymnasium 19 

Admission of Students — Entrance Examinations 20 

Course of Mechanical Engineering 23 



IV. 



Lehigh University — Continued. page. 

Course in Mining and Metallurgy 26 

Course in Electrical Engineering and Physics . . . . 30 

Course in Chemistry , 32 

Course in Electricity 37 

Physical Culture 39 

Diplomas and Certificates 39 

University Library 39 

Observatory 39 

University Museum 40 

Theses Prepared by the Graduating Class of 1887 40 

Positions Gained by Alumni of University 41 

COLUMBIA COLLEGE (SCHOOL OF MINES, NEW YORK) : 

Faculty 45 

Courses of Study, ilDMissiON, Etc 46 

Admission to the Regular Courses 46 

Fees and Necessary Expenses 47 

Free Tuition 48 

Apparatus Supplies 49 

Excursions 49 

Scholastic Year 50 

Examinations 50 

Commencement aisd Vacation 50 

By-laws : 

Entrance Conditions 50 

Attendance , 50 

Examinations 51 

Standing 51 

Change of Course 52 

Analyses 52 

Memoirs 52 

Summer Schools , 52 

Projects and Dissertations 52 

Degrees . . 52 

Speakers at Commencement 53 

Library 53 

Laboratories and Drawing Academies 53 

Order 53 

Synopsis of Studies 53 

Course in Mining Engineering 53 

Course in Civil 1 1 58 

Summer Class in Practical Geodesy 60 

Course in Metallurgy 62 

Course in Geology and Palaeontology 66 

Course in Analytical and Applied Chemistry 68 

Course in Architecture 71 

Course in Sanitary Engineering 74 

Departments of Instruction : 

Mathematics 77 

Mechanics 78 

Physics 78 

Chemistry . . 78 

Geology and Palaeontology 81 

Mineralogy 82 

Metallurgy 83 

Engineering 84 

Sanitary Engineering 89 

Geodesy and Practical Astronomy 90 

Architecture 90 

Memoirs, Projects and Dissertations 92 

Text Books 95 

Library 97 

Cabinets and Collections 97 

Astronomical Observatory 99 



STEVENS' INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (HOBOKEN, NEW JERSEY) : 

PAGE. 

Faculty 99 

Plan of the Institution 100 

Requirements for Admission 101 

List op Text-books 103 

Degrees 104 

Expenses 104 

Course op Instruction — Synopsis op Studies 105 

Department op Mathematics and Mechanics 107 

Department op Physics 108 

" Mechanical Drawing 109 

' ' Chemistry Ill 

' ' Analytical Chemistry Ill 

" Engineering 112 

" Experimental Mechanics and Shopwork = 113 

Course op Experimental Mechanics 114 

' ' Engineering Practice 114 

" Facilities for Engine Testing in the Department op Experi- 
mental Mechanics 115 

' ' Applied Electricity 116 

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BOSTON) : 

Faculty 117 

Historical Sketch, Buildings 117 

Requirements for Admission 119 

Courses of Instruction . 121 

Regular Courses 122 

Civil Engineering 122 

Mechanical Engineering 124 

Mining ,, . 125 

Architecture 127 

Chemistry 128 

Electrical Engineering 130 

Physics 131 

Requirements for Graduation 133 

Advanced Courses 133 

Methods and Apparatus of Instruction 133 

Positions Gained by Graduates 147 

ONTARIO SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL SCIENCE (TORONTO) 

Faculty 150 

Origin of the School 151 

Mechanical Engineering 151 

Electrical " 151 

Architecture 152 

Regulations respecting the School op Practical Science 152 

Department of Engineering 153 

' ' Assaying and Mining Geology f 155 

" Analytical and Applied Chemistry 155 

Synopsis of Courses of Lectures and Practical Instruction 156 

Engineering 156 

Chemistry 158 

Mineralogy and Geology 159 

Biology . . .' , , 159 

Mathematics and Physics 160 

Ethnology 160 

APPENDIX : 

Circular from Minister of Education 162 

Proceedings of Meeting at Education Department 162 



REPORT 



OF THE 



MINISTER OF EDUCATION 



ON THE SUBJECT OF 



TECHNICAL EDUCATION, 



BASED UPON A VISIT TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY; LEHIGH UNIVERSITY; 
COLUMBIA COLLEGE ; THE STEVENS INSTITUTE, HOBOKEN, AND 
THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 



To the Honorable Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C.M.G., 

Lieutenant-Governor oj the Province oj Ontario. 

May it Please Your Honor : 

I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the subject of technical education as 
found at Cornell University, New York ; the School of Mines, New York City ; the 
Stevens Institute, New Jersey ; Lehigh University, Pennsylvania ; and the Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology, Boston. 

In company with Professor Galbraith of the School of Practical Science, I visited all 
these institutions in June last, in order to acquaint myself with the character and extent 
of the accommodation and equipment required, and the course of study found most valu- 
able for technical purposes. 

At all the places mentioned I found the most liberal provision made for the com- 
fort of the students. Cornell University has already expended $1 85,000 on buildings, and 
at the time of my visit was engaged in erecting additional buildings at a cost of $140,000. 
Lehigh University has expended over $1,000,000 on buildings, almost exclusively for 
technical education. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology expended $700,000 for 
sites, buildings and furnishings, and the School of Mines $690,000 for similar purposes, 
including a museum. 



Vlll. 



As a rule all the institutions visited were built with very little regard to architec- 
tural effect. Not one of them would compare with the University of Toronto in external 
appearance, although they were all much superior in internal arrangements. 

The equipment of the institutions varied according to the course of study pursued. 
At Cornell, the Stevens Institute and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in addi- 
tion to the ordinary apparatus for physical and mathematical purposes, workshops were 
established, in which all the processes for manufacturing iron, from the smelting furnace 
to a finishing shop, were carried on. Iron lathes, planers and forges were provided for the 
students, and at certain hours during the day the School was turned into a large work- 
shop. Carpentering, in all its variations, was also taught at the schools above named, and 
the proper use of the jack-plane and saw insisted upon as much as the demonstration of 
Euclid's Theorems. But apart from the mere workshop, the equipment of the five insti- 
tutions visited was very liberal. Cornell heads the list with an expenditure of $141,500, 
then comes the Stevens Institute with an expenditure of $100,000, then the School 
of Mines $50,000, and the Massachusetts Institute with $45,000. It would be impossible 
for me to name in detail the various appliances in the large physical laboratories which 
I had the pleasure of visiting. Suffice it say, that they in some form or other illustrate 
every department of engineering. The attendance of students at the different institutes 
varied from 168 at the Stevens to 368 at the Massachusetts "institute. 

The provision made for instruction is also very generous. Cornell University paid 
last year $32,750 to Professors and Instructors in the Technical Department alone ; 
and also gave the students of this department access to the lectures in Chemistry, Physics 
and Mathematics at the University proper, from Professors receiving salaries amounting 
to $28,850. 

The Professors and Instructors at the Massachusetts Institute, exclusive of the work- 
shops, receive $27,600 in the way of salaries. 

At the School of Mines. New York City, particular attention is paid to mining engi- 
neering and assaying. The various processes by which the ore is prepared for the market 
are studied and illustrated by appropriate machinery and other devices. 

At this School also, the study of Chemistry, in its relation to the arts and manufac- 
tures, occupies a prominent place. The dyeing of textiles of all kinds is taken up practi- 
cally in the laboratory by every student taking a course in applied Chemistry. 

The greater portion of the matter contained in this report is, taken from the calendars 
of the institutions referred to, with very little change, except in its arrangement. 



I have the honor to be, 

Your obedient servant. 



GEO. W. ROSS, 

Minister of Education. 






CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 



The Faculty. 

Cornell University is situated at Ithaca, in New York State. The equipment for 
Technological purposes is of the most thorough character. The Science Faculty consists of 
nineteen professors and assistants, and twenty-four instructors, as follows : 

Charles Kendall Adams, LL.D., President. 

George Chapman Caldwell, B.S., Ph.D., Professor of Agricultural and Analytical 
Chemistry. 

John Lewis Morris, A.M., C.E., Sibley Professor of Practical Mechanics and 
Machine Construction. 

The Rev. Chas. Babcock, A.M., Professor of Architecture. 

James Edward Oliver, A.M., Professor of Mathematics. 

Estevan Antonio Fuertes, C.E., M.A.S.C.E., Professor of Civil Engineering, and 
Dean of the Department of Civil Engineering. 

Eobert Henry Thurston, A.M., Doc. Eng., Director of Sibley College; Professor of 
Mechanical Engineering. 

Edward Learning Nichols, B.S., Ph.D., Professor of Physics. 

Spencer Baird Newbury, E.M., Ph.D.. Acting Professor of General, Organic and 
Applied Chemistry. 

Lucien Augustus Wait, A.B., Associate Professor of Mathematics. 

Edwin Chase Cleaves, B.S., Associate Professor of Freehand Drawing and 
Mechanical Drawing. 

Charles Lee Crandall, C.E., Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, in charge of 
Road Engineering and Geodesy. 

Irving Porter Church, C.E., Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, in charge of 
Applied Mechanics. 

George William Jones, A.M,, Assistant Professor of Mathematics. 

George Sylvanus Moler, A.B., B.M.E., Assistant Professor of Physics. 

Charles Francis Osborne, Assistant Professor of Architecture. 

Charles David Marx, C.E., Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, in charge of 
the Graphics of Engineering. 

Frank Harvey Bailey, Passed Assistant Engineer, U.S.N., Assistant Professor of 
Mechanical Engineering ; Instructor in Marine Engineering. 

Albert William Smith, M.M.E., Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering. 

Frank Van Vleck, M.E.. Assistant Professor of Drawing. 

James McMahon, A.B., Instructor of Mathematics. 

Frank Howard Morgan, B.S., Instructor in Quantitative Analytical Chemistry. 

Bolton Coit Brown, B.P., Instructor in Industrial Art and Drawing, 

Arthur Stafford Hathaway, B.S., Instructor in Mathematics. 

James Furman Kemp, A.B., E.M., Instructor in Geology and Mineralogy. 

Eugene Henry Preswick, B.S., Instructor in Qualitative Analytical Chemistry. 

Rufus Anderson, M.E., Instructor in Mechanical Engineering, and Foreman of the 
Machine Shop. 

Herman Atkins McNeil, Instructor in Industrial Art. 

Charles Benjamin Wing, C.E., Instructor in Civil Engineering. 

William Ridgely Orndorff, A.B., Ph.D., Instructor in General and Organic Chemistry. 
2 (t.e.) 



Louis Munroe Dennis, Ph.B., B.S., Instructor in Chemistry. 

Duane Studley, B.S., Instructor in Mathematics. 

Daniel Webster Gunner, O.E„ Instructor in Civil Engineering. 

George Egbert Fisher, A.B., Instructor in Mathematics. 

Julius Howard Pratt, jr., A.B., Ph.D., Instructor in Physics. 

Arthur Henry Rowe, Instructor in Architecture. 

Herman Klock Yedder, C.E., Instructor in Civil Engineering. 

Prank Hovey Noyes, Instructor in Freehand Drawing. 

James Wheat Granger, Instructor in Forging. 

William Henry Wood, Instructor in Woodworking. 

James Elijah Yanderhoef. Instructor in Moulding. 

Fred. Clarkson Fowler, Mechanician, and Instructor in Physics. 

Grant Adelbert Covell, M.E., Instructor in the Machine Shop. 

George Pollay, Instructor in the Wood Shop. 

Special Lecturers. 

Besides the instruction regularly given by the resident officers of the University, a* 
large number of lectures are delivered by non-resident lecturers on special subjects of 
importance. For this branch of instruction the services of eminent specialists are sought, 
and the number of lectures given by each lecturer varies according to the nature of the 
subject treated. In the year 1886-87 the lecturers were as follows : 

Andrew Dickson White, LL.D., Lecturer on German History in the Nineteenth 
Century, University Grounds. Gold win Smith. LL.D., L.H.D., Lecturer on English 
Constitutional History, Toronto, Canada Frank B. Sanborn, A.M., Lecturer on Social 
Science, Concord, Mass. Rodolfo Lanciani, LL.D., Lecturer on Results of Recent Ex- 
plorations in Rome, Rome, Italy. Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Lecturer on Classical 
Archaeology, Cambridge, England. The Hon. Seth Low, A.M., Lecturer on the Problems of 
Municipal Government in America, Brooklyn, N. Y. President George W. Atherton,LL.D., 
Lecturer on the Education of American Farmers, State College, Pa. President Edwin 
Willets, A.M., Lecturer on Land Tenure and the Limitations of American Agriculture, 
Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich. Woodrow Wilson, Ph.D., Lecturer on Methods of 
Administration, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Washington Gladden, D.D., LL.D., Lecturer on The 
Ethical Relations of Capital and Labor, Columbus, 0. Frederick William Simons, M. S. 
Ph. D., Lecturer on Economic Geology, University Avenue. James Julius Chambers, Ph. 
B., Lecturer on Journalism, New York City. Lauren Briggs Arnold, Lecturer on Dairy 
Husbandry, Rochester, NY. Grove K. Gilbert, B.S., Lecturer on The Field Work of the 
U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, B.C. Charles Edward Emery, Ph.D., Lecturer on 
Steam Engineering, New York City. Henry Metcalfe, U.S.A., Lecturer on Manufac- 
tures and Engineering. Eckery Brinton Coxe, M.A., E.M., Lecturer on Mining Engi- 
neering, Drifton, Pa. John Wilmuth Hill, M.E., Lecturer on Steam for Water Supply, 
Cincinnati, 0. James M. Allen, M.E., Lecturer on Steam Generation, Hartford, Conn. 
Rudolf Hering, C.E., Lecturer on Sanitary Engineering, Chicago, III. Horace See, M.E. 
Lecturer on Marine Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa. Elihu Thompson, E.E., Lecturer on 
Electrical Engineering, Lynn, Mass. Charles Wilson Copeland, M. E., Lecturer on the 
Progress of Steam Engineering, Neiv York City. William Petit Trowbridge, M.A., Lec- 
turer on Mechanics, New York City. Alexander Graham Bell, M.A., Lecturer on Tele- 
phony, Washington, B.C. Theobald Smith, Ph. B., M.D., Lecturer on Pathogenic Bac~ 
teria and their Relation to Hygiene, Washington, D.C. 



MATERIAL EQUIPMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

Buildings. 

The Civil Engineering Building is a large structure, three stories high, containing 
twenty-one rooms, with a floor surface of about eighteen thousand square feet. The 
western facade of the main building is one hundred and twenty feet long; the northern 
and southern wings are each one hundred and five feet. The building contains labora- 
tories, museums, and class-rooms. The museums and laboratories are described elsewhere. 
Room 1 contains the working library of the department — some twelve hundred modern 
works on civil engineering, classified for ready reference. There are a reading and seminary 
room for students, two large lecture rooms, one fifty-two feet long by forty-five feet wide; ; 
two large draughting rooms, fitted with one hundred and fifteen improved iron desks and 
well lighted by day and by night; a room for meteorological observations, nearly all the in- 
struments in which are self -registering, and several smaller lecture-rooms, store-rooms, etc, 

A temporary astronomical observatory has been erected directly east of the main 
building, in which are mounted on brick piers, an astronomical transit by Troughton and 
Sims, provided with two collimators; a sidereal clock, a four-and-a-half inch Clark equato- 
rial, and an altazimuth reading to seconds by levels and micrometers. 

The trustees of the University, at a recent meeting, provided for the erection of a new 
building to be occupied jointly by the departments of civil engineering and architecture. 
This building will probably be two hundred feet long, by forty wide, four stories in 
height, and is intended to be ready for use by the beginning of the next collegiate year. 

The Sihley College. — The buildings of Sibley College were all erected and presented 
to the University by the Hon. Hiram Sibley, of Rochester, N. Y., who also gave the 
machinery, and the greater part of all the collections with which they are supplied. The 
main building is of Ithaca stone trimmed with a fine white sandstone, and in its architec- 
ture is similar to the other buildings of the University. It is one hundred and sixty feet 
long, forty feet in width, and three stories in height. The workshops form three sides of 
a quadrangle, of which the fourth side is formed by the college building proper ; they are 
of brick and one story in height. The main building contains on the first floor two large 
museums, which are fully described elsewhere, a large and well-lighted lecture-room, and 
the private rooms of the professor of practical mechanics. On the second -floor are the 
lecture-room of the professor of mechanical engineering and the director, with its collec- 
tions of illustrative materials, the drawing-rooms of the upper classes, and the private 
rooms of the director and professor of mechanical engineering and of the instructor in 
marine engineering. The third floor is filled with drawing-rooms for the younger classes 
in freehand drawing and decorative art, and the private rooms of the professor of drawing- 
and his assistants. The workshops consist of a machine shop, a foundry, a blacksmith 
shop, and a wood- working shop, and include rooms devoted to the storage of tools, to 
emery-grinding, etc. These shops are from forty to sixty feet in length, about forty feet 
in width, and are lofty and well-lighted. An additional building, one hundred* and fifty 
feet by forty in dimensions, and two stories in height, was completed in the summer of 
1887. Its second floor is devoted to the work in machine design, and includes several 
drawing-rooms, a lecture-room, and a room appropriated to the use of the professor hav- 
ing charge of the laboratories. The main floor is divided into several rooms, each de^ 
voted to some department of experimental work, as to steam engine trials, to tests of 
boilers, to determination of the strength and other useful qualities of the materials of 
engineering. The tools and machinery are described fully under the head of Sibley 
College Collections. At the bottom of Fall Creek gorge is the house protecting the tur- 
bine which supplies the power demanded for ordinary occasions in driving the machin- 
ery of the college and the electric apparatus for lighting the campus and the buildings. 

The Chemical and Physical Building. — This building, situated on the north side of 
the quadrangle, was opened for occupancy in September, 1883. It is of red sandstone, 
about one hundred and forty feet in length, with a width of fifty and seventy feet, and 



is three stories in height above a well-lighted basement. The building is ornamented 
with casts and medallions of distinguished scientists. The rooms of the physical de- 
partment occupy the first floor and the basement. The second and third floors are occu- 
pied by the chemical department. The building contains, in addition to the amply- 
equipped laboratories, two large lecture-rooms, one for chemistry and one for physics, 
seating about one hundred and seventy students each. A fire-proof one-story annex, 
built of brick, has lately been erected north of the chemical and physical building for the 
further extension of the work of the chemical department. This addition is one hundred 
feet in length by thirty-seven feet in width, and contains the laboratories of organic 
chemistry and assaying, with the necessary balance rooms, store-room and reading-room. 
It is so placed with reference to the main building as to inclose a partly paved court, 
suitable for experiments in the open air. 

The Architectural collection contains over two thousand photographic prints, the 
most of which are of large size ; several hundred drawings ; and about two hundred 
models in stone and wood. These are all designed to illustrate the constructive forms 
and peculiarities of the different styles of architecture. These, as well as the White 
Architectural Library — containing over one thousand volumes — are all freely accessible 
to the student of architecture. 

The Chemical Museum is located in a large room in the eastern end of the Chemical 
and Physicial building, and contains the Silliman collection of minerals, and the collec- 
tion of applied chemistry. The former comprises about three thousand five hundred 
specimens, many of them of extreme rarity. The latter consists of materials and pro- 
ducts illustrating many of the applications of chemistry to the arts and manufactures, 
such as the manufacture of soap, sulphuric acid, soda ash, alum, white lead, gunpowder, 
pottery, porcelain, glass, cement, dyes, pigments, oils, the refining of petroleum, etc., etc. 
These collections are being constantly and rapidly increased by gifts and purchases. 

The Special Museums of the Civil Engineering Department contain the following 
collections, which receive regular additions from a yearly appropriation. 1. The Muret 
collection of models in descriptive geometry and stone-cutting. 2. The De Lagrave 
general and special models in topography, geognosy, and engineering. 3. The Schroeder 
models in descriptive geometry and stereotomy, with over fifty brass and silk transform- 
able models made in this department after the Oliver models. 4. The Grund collections 
of bridge and* track details, roofs, trusses, and masonry, supplemented by similar models 
by Schroeder and other makers. 5. A modern railroad bridge of one hundred feet span, 
the scale being one-fourth of the natural size. 6. The Digeon collection of working 
models in hydraulic engineering. 7. Working models of water wheels. 8. Several large 
collections of European and American photographs of engineering works during the pro- 
cess of construction, and many other photographs, blue prints, models and diagrams. 
9. An extensive collection of instruments of precision, such as a Troughton and Simms 
astronomical transit ; a universal instrument, by the same makers, reading to single 
seconds ; sextants, astronomical clocks, chronographs, a Negus chronometer, two equato- 
rials — the*larger having an objective, by Alvan Clark, four and a half inches in diameter 
— and other instruments, like pier collimators, etc., necessary to the complete equipment 
of a training observatory. 10. A Geodesic collection, consisting of a secondary base line 
apparatus made under the direction of the Coast Survey, ancl all the portable, astrono- 
mical, and field instruments needed for extensive triangulations, including sounding- 
machines, tachometers, deep-water thermometers, heliotropes, etc. 11. Among the usual 
field instruments there is nearly every variety of engineers' transits, theodolites, levels, 
solar and other compasses, omnimeters, and tachometers, with a large number of special 
instruments, such as planimeters, pantographs, elliptographs, arithmometers, computing 
machines, altazimuths, sextants, hypsometers, and meteorological instruments of all 
descriptions. 

The Museums and collections of the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and 
Mechanic Arts are of exceptional extent, value and interest. The two principal rooms on 
the first floor of the main building are devoted to the purposes of a museum of illustrative 



apparatus, machinery, products of the manufacturing industries, and collections exhibit- 
ing processes and methods of manufacture, new inventions, the growth of standard forms, 
of motors, and other collections of value in the courses of technical instruction given in the 
college. In the west museum are placed the Reuleaux collection of models of kinematic 
devices and movements, which is, so far as known, the only complete collection on this 
continent, and is one of the very few in the world. Besides these are the Schroeder and 
other models, exhibiting the forms and proportions of parts of machinery, the construc- 
tion of steam engines and other machines, and methods of making connections. In the 
east museum are placed a large number of samples of machines constructed by the best 
makers, to illustrate their special forms and methods of manufacture. Among these are 
several beautifully-finished samples of steam pumps, " sectioned " to exhibit their internal 
construction and arrangement, steam-boiler injectors similarly divided, governors for 
steam engines, water-wheels and other motors, devices for lubrication, shafting and 
pulleys, couplings and other apparatus for the transmission of power, both by shafting and 
by wire-rope transmission. The lecture-rooms of the Sibley College, each being devoted to 
a specified line of instruction and list of subjects, are each supplied with a collec- 
tion of materials, of drawings, and of models and machines, especially adapted 
to the wants of the lecturer in each subject. Thus, the lecture-room of the instructor in 
" Materials of Engineering " contains a fine collection of samples of all the metals in 
common use in the arts, with samples of ores and of special intermediate products, ex- 
hibiting the processes of reduction and manufacture. Among these are specimens of the 
whole range of copper-tin and copper-zinc alloys, and of the " kalchoids " produced by 
their mixture, such as were the subjects 'of investigations made by the Committee on 
Alloys of the U. S. Board appointed by President Grant by authority of Congress, in 
the year 1875. The collection is supplemented by other alloys later produced by the 
Director, and is one which has no known superior, and is perhaps* unequalled The 
course in machine design is illustrated by the standard forms of parts of machinery. The 
course of instruction in mechanical engineering is illustrated by a fine collection of steam 
engines of various well-known types, gas and vapor engines, water-wheels and other 
motors, models and drawings of every standard or historical form of prime mover, of 
parts of machines, and of completed machinery. 

The collections of the Department of Drawing include a large variety of studies of 
natural and conventional forms, shaded and in outline, geometrical models, casts and 
illustrations of historical ornament. 

The workshops are supplied with every needed kind of machine or tool, including 
lathes, of our own and other makes, and hand and bench tools sufficient to meet the 
wants of over one hundred students of the first year, in woodworking ; in the foundry 
and the forge all needed tools for a class of eighty in the second year ; in the machine 
shop, lathes from the best builders, and others made in the University shops, planes, 
drills, milling machines, and a great variety of special and hand-tools, which are sufficient 
to work a class of sixty or seventy of the third year and fifty or sixty seniors. 

The department of Experimental Engineering possesses experimental engines and 
boilers, and other heat motors, such as air and gas engines, and is well supplied with 
testing machines in considerable variety, as well as all the apparatus required, as indica- 
tors, dynamometers, etc., for determining the efficiency of engines. Each of the several 
rooms on the first floor of the Sibley College annex is a museum of apparatus. 

Extensive special collections of apparatus have been obtained for the work in Elec- 
trical Engineering. In addition to the extensive collections of the department of Physics 
for ordinary laboratory instruction, that department possesses a large number and con- 
siderable variety of larger apparatus, including the great tangent galvanometer, and the 
outfit of the magnetic observatory, and several Gramme and other dynamos. In the 
Sibley College, also, are a number of dynamos, including an Edison, a Mather, a West- 
inghouse alternating machine, and Weston dynamos, ranging from the smallest sizes up to 
a six hundred and fifty light alternating current machine, all placed either in the 
dynamo-room in the rear of the main building or in a room adjacent to the machine shop 
where the very considerable power demanded can be most conveniently furnished. 



A Bracket " cradle" dynamometer and a resistance coil measuring up to a twenty- 
two hundred ohms and four amperes, and the tangent galvanometer measuring from a 
fraction of an ampere to two hundred fifty amperes supply the means of making quanti- 
tative measurement of heavy currents. 

Laboratories. 

The Chemical Laboratories occupy a portion of the second story and the whole of 
the third story of the physicial and chemical building, and also the new chemical annex. 
On the second floor adjoining the chemical lecture-room is the laboratory for blowpiping 
and mineralogy, which is equipped with tables covered with porcelain tiles, and will 
accommodate seventy students. In the same room is a working collection of minerals 
comprising all of the more common species. In the third story, occupied by the depart- 
ment of agricultural and analytical chemistry, are two large student laboratories; one of 
these, for beginners in chemical practice, can accommodate one hundred students ; a 
shaft from the ventilating-fan in the basement conveys a supply of fresh air to the room ; 
the fume and hydrogen sulphide closets are ventilated by means of special flues heated 
by gas-burners. The laboratory for quantitative chemical work has places for seventy 
•students ; each place is supplied with reservoir and distilled water, gas and suction for 
filtration produced by the air pump in the basement. Tables for distillation, combustion, 
etc., at each end of the room are supplied with gas and water, and with suction, blast, 
oxygen and hydrogen from the works in the basement. Steam evaporating and drying 
closets, and fume closets, are easily accessible from all parts of the room. There are, 
besides the rooms already described, weighing and reading-rooms, the private laboratories 
of the professors, and a number of rooms for special experiments. 

The new annex contains the laboratories of organic chemistry and of assaying. The 
organic laboratory contains slate-topped tables for twenty-four students, and is fitted up 
with all modern appliances for original research in this important field. Adjoining the 
laboratory are the store-rooms, private laboratory and the balance and reading-room, 
where a large part of the chemical section of the University Library, including complete 
sets of all the important chemical journals, is deposited. The assay laboratory contains 
six crucible furnaces, one large and two small muffle furnaces, one Fletcher gas cupel 
furnace, anvil, steel rolls, and the tools used in the various operations of assaying ores of 
the precious metals. In designing the Chemical Annex, the intention has been to con- 
centrate in that building all work involving any risk of fire. With this in view, all par- 
titions have been constructed of brick, the tables covered with slate slabs, and the floors 
laid with asphalt pavement. 

The General Civil Engineering Laboratory occupies room No. 3 in the engineering 
building. The laboratory is furnished with machines for tests of materials in tension, 
compression, flexure, and torsion. It also contains a seconds pendulum, chronograph, 
models referring to the theory of the arch, thermometer tester, sections of beams and 
columns, tools, etc., and a small turbine, which furnishes power for the experiments of 
the laboratory. Room No. 4, in the same building, is the hydraulic laboratory, to 
which water is supplied, either from a large tank on the floor above, or directly from the 
mains of the University waterworks. This laboratory contains various hydraulic 
machines, all kinds of mouth-pieces, long and short tubes, pipes of various lengths and 
diameters, bends, valves, accumulators, equalizers, manometers, etc. Its facilities for 
contributing to the efficiency of teaching hydraulics and for original research are con- 
stantly increasing. The first floor of this laboratory contains two large setting tanks and 
sifting machines, used in connection with the tests on the strength of hydraulic mortars 
and cements, which are being conducted here in a systematic and thorough manner, and 
on a large scale, by the Fellows of this Department. This room is connected electrically 
with the astronomical observatory and with the chronographs and clocks in room No. 3, 
and in the department of Physics. It contains several piers, in brick and cement, for 
the adjustment of instruments and for practice in the observations for magnetic field- 
work, etc. Arrangements have been made for the swinging of a cold pendulum in the 



astronomical observatory, and a hot one in the basement of the Physical Laboratory, for 
the discussion of the field gravimetric work in connection with the Cornell University 
Surveys. 

The Mechanical Laboratory, which is the department of demonstration and experi- 
mental research of Sibley College, and in which not only instruction but investigation is 
conducted, is located in the annex of Sibley College, in several rooms of good height, 
well lighted on all sides, and carefully fitted up for the purpose for which they are 
designed. It occupies the whole lower floor, a space one hundred and fifty feet long by 
forty feet wide, and represents the latest contributions of Mr. Sibley to the University. 
It is supplied with the apparatus of experimental work in the determination of the 
power and efficiency of the several motors, including steam engines, and the turbine 
driving the machinery of the establishment ; with boiler-testing plant and instruments ; 
and with a number of machines for testing lubricants and the strength of metals. 
Among these is the " autographic testing machine," which produces an autographic 
record of the result of the tests of any metal which may be placed within its jaws, 
securing exact measures of the strength, the ducility, the elasticity, the resilience or 
shock-resisting power, the elastic limit, etc., of the material. Several steam-engines and 
boilers, air and gas machines, several kinds of dynamometers, lubricant-testing machines, 
standard pressure-gauges, and other apparatus and instruments of precision employed by 
the engineer in such researches as he is called upon, in the course of his professional 
work, to make, are all collected here. 

The Physical Laboratory. — The rooms of the physical department occupy the first 
floor and the basement of the chemical and physical building. Piers are provided in 
several of the rooms for apparatus requiring immovable support, and some of the base- 
ment rooms have solid floors of cement, upon any part of which galvanometers, etc., may 
be used. The lecture -room on the first floor has fixed seats for one hundred and fifty-four 
students. The arrangements for experimental demonstrations are most complete. Gas, 
water, steam, oxygen, hydrogen, compressed air, blast, and vacuum cocks are within easy 
reach of the lecturer, and dynamo and battery currents are always at hand, and under 
•complete control from the lecture-table. A masonry pier, four by twelve feet, permits 
the use in the lecture-room of apparatus that could otherwise only be used in the labora- 
tory. A small turbine on the lecture table furnishes power for a variety of experiments. 
Lanterns with the lime or electric light are always in readiness for use when their use 
can in any way aid a demonstration. Adjacent to the lecture-room are the apparatus 
rooms, serving also, in part, as laboratories. On the same floor are other laboratory 
rooms, among which may be mentioned one for photometry, without windows, and 
painted black throughout. 

The equipment of the physical department comprises many fine instruments of pre- 
cision. The standard clock, having Professor Young's gravity escapement, is placed in a 
room provided with double walls, and actuates two chronographs by which the time 
observations of the laboratory are recorded. A very perfect automatic dividing engine, 
a large comparator, a standard yard and meter, an electro-calorimeter of a platinum wire 
resistance in a hard rubber tank, a spectrometer reading to seconds, sets of resistance 
coils, and- galvanometers of various forms are among the instruments. For magnetic and 
other measurements by the magnetic needle, a special building free from iron has been 
erected. In these are placed the magnetometers and the instruments for the accurate 
measurement of currents and potentials. Of the latter is the large tangent galvano- 
meter, constructed at the University, with coils respectively one and six-tenths and two 
meters in diameter, and giving deflections to ten seconds. Several dynamos of different 
styles and capacities, ranging from one thousand to ten thousand watts, and a special 
engine for driving them, having a governor adjusted to control the speed with extreme 
precision, are included in the equipment. Three of these dynamos are mounted on 
Professor Brackett's dynamometer cradles, for measuring the power absorbed, or trans- 
mitted if the machine is used as a motor. For dynamo tests a resistance of naked Ger- 
man silver wire has been provided, which is arranged in about one hundred sections 



capable of combination in all possible ways. Combined in series they furnish a resist- 
ance of 2,200 ohms, capable of carrying four amperes. A very valuable adjunct is a 
well-equipped workshop connected with the department, where a skilled mechanician is 
constantly employed in making apparatus. Some of the most valuable instruments in 
the collection have been made in this shop. 

The University Library. 

The Library, including the President White collection, described below, contains 
about ninety-five thousand seven hundred volumes, besides twenty-six thousand pamph- 
lets. It is made up largely* of the following collections, increased by annual additions of 
from three thousand to five thousand volumes : A selection of about five thousand 
volumes purchased in Europe in 1868, embracing works illustrative of agriculture, the 
mechanic arts, chemistry, engineering, the natural sciences, physiology, and veterinary 
surgery ; the Anthon Library, of nearly seven thousand volumes, consisting of the col- 
lection made by the late Professor Charles Anthon, of Columbia College, in the ancient 
classical languages and literatures, besides works in history and general literature ; the 
Bopp Library, of about twenty-five hundred volumes, relating to the oriental languages 
and literatures, and comparative philology, being the collection of the late Professor 
Franz Bopp, of the University of Berlin ; the Goldwin Smith Library, of thirty-five 
hundred volumes, comprising chiefly historical works and editions of the English and 
ancient classics, presented to the University in 1869 by Professor Goldwin Smith, and 
increased during later years by the continued liberality of the donor ; the publications of 
the Patent Office of Great Britain, about three thousand volumes, of great importance to- 
the student in technology, and to scientific investigators ; the White Architectural 
Library, a collection of over a thousand volumes relating to architecture and kindred 
branches of science, given by President White ; the Kelly Mathematical Library, com- 
prising eighteen hundred volumes and seven hundred tracts, presented by the late Hon. 
William Kelly, of Rhinebeck ; the Cornell Agricultural Library, bought by the Hon. 
Ezra Cornell, chiefly in 1868; the Sparks Library, being the library of Jared Sparks, 
late president of Havard University, consisting of upwards of five thousand volumes and 
four thousand pamphlets, relating chiefly to the history of America ; the May collection, 
relating to the history of slavery and anti-slavery, the nucleus of which was formed by 
the gift of the library of the late Rev. Samuel J. May, of Syracuse ; the Schuyler collec- 
tion of folklore, Russian history and literature, presented by the Hon. Eugene Schuyler 
in 1884 ; the Law Library, containing over four thousand volumes of legal works, pur- 
chased by the University in 1886. The number of periodicals and transactions, literary 
and scientific, currently received at the Library, is four hundred and thirty five, and 
of many of these complete sets are on the shelves. 

The British Patent Office and the United States Patent Office supply all reports 
published by them ; a very large number of mechanical and engineering periodicals are 
taken, and some progress has been made toward collecting a library of books of similar 
character. 

Physics. 

Lecture Courses in Elementary Physics. 

The instruction in the elements of Physics is by means of lectures given twice a 
week throughout the year. In these lectures the general laws of mechanics and heat, 
electricity and magnetism, and of acoustics and optics, are presented. The very large 
collection of lecture-room apparatus possessed by the department, makes it possible to 
give experimental demonstrations of all important phenomena. The course of lectures is 
supplemented by weekly recitations, for which purpose the class is divided into sections 
of about twenty members each. 

Two courses are given, one of which is intended for students in Science and Letters, 
in Agriculture, and in the course preparatory to Medicine ; the other for students in 
Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, in Architecture and in Chemistry and 



Physics. The ground covered in these courses is essentially the same, but the methods 
of treatment differ : being adapted in each case to the needs and previous training of the 
class of students for which the course is designed. The successful completion of the 
freshman mathematics is in all cases a pre-requisite for admission to these courses. 

Courses of Laboratory Instruction. 

The first year of Laboratory work is devoted to the experimental verification of 
physical formulae, to practice in the use of instruments of precision, and to the attain- 
ment of some knowledge of the simpler mothods of physical manipulation. 

In Mechanics the student is taught the proper use of the miscroscope and of various 
forms of micrometer, of the cathetometer, dividing engine, comparator, analytical bal- 
ance and chronograph ; and of other instruments for the measurement of length, mass 
and time. In Heat the course includes methods of testing thermometers, the use of the 
calorimeter and thermopile, and practice determinations, by various methods, of melting 
and boiling points, of specific heat and the heat of fusion and vaporization. In Optics 
the elementary laboratory instruction embraces the use of the spectroscope and! spec- 
trometer, the determination of wave-lengths, the measurement of lenses and prisms, and 
of indices of refraction • together with a variety of other experiments calculated to 
familiarize the student with the fundamental principles of the subject. In Electricity the 
work consists of the adjustment and calibration of galvanometers, of the verification of 
the principles upon which the measurements of current, electro-motive force and resist- 
ance are based, the use of the electrometer, and the performance of such other experi- 
ments as offer the best preparation for advanced work in electricity. In Magnetism 
practice determinations are made of the magnetic dip and of the horizontal intensity and 
variations in the direction and intensity of the earth's magnetism ; and the student 
makes a preliminary study of the methods of measuring the magnetic field. 

Advanced students make a more extended study of varions physical constants. They 
learn the use of standard ^instruments, make electrical and magnetic determinations in 
absolute measure ; test the efficiency and determine the characteristics of dynamo 
machines. The opportunities afforded for advanced work in electricity are unusual. 

Every encouragement is afforded to advanced students for the carrying on of original 
investigations, and every opportunity is taken to stimulate a spirit of scientific enquiry. 
Courses of reading are suggested to such students, in connection with their experimental 
work ; and they are brought together informally at frequent intervals for the discussion 
of topics of scientific interest. It is the aim of this department to furnish every possible 
facility for research in Physics on the part of students qualified to do original work. 

Chemistry. 

/. Descriptive and Theoretical Chemistry. 

To students in the general courses, and others who can devote but little time to the 
study of chemistry, instruction is given by a course of lectures and recitations on the 
principles of the science and general study of the chemistry of inorganic substances. 

Students who propose to take up subsequently analytical and organic chemistry are 
given a distinct course of lectures and recitations, and in addition are required to perform 
in the laboratory an extended series of simple experiments illustrating the principles dis- 
cussed in the lectures. They are thus brought into close contact with the phenomena to 
be studied, and the impression produced by the principles stated is greatly deepened. 

The instruction in theoretical chemistry is continued by lectures and recitations in 
chemical philosophy, and also, in connection with laboratory work, in organic and 
analytical chemistry. 

II. Analytical Chemistry. 

Elementary Qualitative Analysis. — The course in elemeutary qualitative analysis 
occupies about two terms of seven to ten hours a week of actual practice, the work in 



10 



the laboratory being supplemented by lectures and recitations. It is the purpose of this 
class-room work — of which practice in writing chemical equations explanatory of the 
operations and reactions of the actual analytical work forms an important feature — to 
give the student some acquaintance with the chemical principles upon which that work 
is based, so that he may carry it out more intelligently and successfully than if he blindly 
follows the directions in the text-book. 

Blowpipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy. — A course of instruction in 
qualitative blowpipe analysis and determinative mineralogy is given during one term. 
This is designed to enable the student to avail himself of the simple and effective means 
afforded by the blowpipe in determining the natnre of minerals and unknown chemical 
substances. 

The work in determinative mineralogy comprises the identification of minerals by 
observation of their physical properties and blowpipe reactions, and constitutes a necessary 
preparation for the study of systematic mineralogy and lithology. This course is followed 
by one term of the study of systematic mineralogy, comprising lectures, conferences, and 
the study of specimens. The subject of crystallography forms an important part of this 
course, and includes lectures illustrated by a complete set of glass models, as well as 
laboratory practice in the identification of crystalline forms, from blocks and actual 
specimens. 

Exceptional advantages for the study of mineralogy are offered by the well-known 
Silliman collection of minerals, which is accessible to students at all times. A complete 
and carefully selected student's collection affords abundant material for work in determi- 
native mineralogy. Special attention is given to the more important metallic ores as a 
preparation for the study of economic geology and metallurgy. 

Students who have completed the above course are prepared to take up the work 
of lithology, petrography, and advanced crystallography, for which abundant facilities 
are offered in the department of geology. 

Elementary Quantitative Analysis. — This course extends for all students through at 
least one term of ten hours of actual practice, and comprises a small number of simple 
gravimetric and volumetric determinations, together with some required study of the 
chemistry of the operations involved. Beyond this the work of each student is adapted 
to the particular purpose for which it is taken. 

Agricultural Chemistry. — Students in the Course in Agriculture have practice in 
the analysis of fertilizers and feeding materials, of foods, of dairy products, and of waters 
used for the household. 

Engineering Chemistry. — The student in the Course of Mechanical Engineering may, 
if he can give more time to chemical practice than is allotted to his course, work on the 
analysis of iron and steel, and of other materials used in the mechanic arts. 

Medical Chemistry. — Practice is given to students in the medical preparatory course 
in the analysis of urine, milk, of water used for drinking, in the separation of mineral 
and vegetable poisons from animal matter, and their identification, and the assay of 
medicinal preparations. 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry. — Students in the Course in Pharmacy will take practice 
in all the kinds of analysis mentioned in the preceding course, and also in the assay of 
the crude materials used in the manufacture of drugs and medicinal preparations. 

Sanitary Chemistry. — The student of Sanitary Science takes practice in the 
examination of drinking water, of air in connection with the study of the ventilation 
of rooms, of illuminating oils, and the detection of injurious adulterations of foods and 
beverages, or the injurious qualities of other articles in common use. 

The Full Course in Quantitative Analysis in the Wet Way. — The student in the 
Course in Chemistry, besides taking all work above mentioned, is drilled also in the 
methods of analysis of ores, the useful metals in their commercial condition — especially 
iron and steel — of alloys and of gaseous mixtures ; in the use of the polariscope and spec- 



11 



troscope, so far as they can be profitably applied in chemical analysis, the analysis of 
technical products, the examination of articles of food and drink for adulterations of 
commercial as well as sanitary significance, etc. 

To these students lectures are given on the recent literature of chemical analysis ; 
and readings are held in German chemical journals, for the purpose of giving such a 
familiarity with technical German that the abundant and important literature of the 
subject in that language can be consulted with facility. " 

Assaying. — In assaying students are required to determine the value of gold, silver, 
and other metals contained in ores, sufficient in number to make them familiar with 
the most approved methods in use in the West and in European mining regions. The 
assay of gold and silver bullion, as practised in the national mints, forms a part of 
the course. The assay laboratory is equipped with every requisite for work in this 
branch. 

III. Organic Chemistry. 

The elements of organic chemistry are taught by a course of laboratory practice 
with frequent recitations, by which the student is trained not only to recognize, but also 
to prepare and purify, the typical members of most of the series of organic compounds. 
In this course the work is arranged in accordance with the well-known text-book of 
Professor Remsen. After its completion students are given further practice in following 
•out reactions of special theoretical interest, in the course of which constant reference is 
made to the original memoirs, published in the leading German and French periodicals. 
As soon as the necessary proficiency in manipulation and theoretical knowledge is 
attained, the student is given every encouragement to devote himself to original investi- 
gation, for which organic chemistry offers an especially promising field. A special 
laboratory of organic chemistry has just been completed, and equipped with an 
unusually complete stock of materials and apparatus. 

IV. Applied Chemistry. 

This subject is taught by a course of lectures, continuing throughout the year, on 
the principles of chemical manufacture and the important chemical industries. The 
course is supplemented and continued by special work in the analytical and organic 
laboratories, by which the student is trained in the special determinations and operations 
of the particular industry to which he may intend to devote himself. 

V. Metallurgy. 

During the winter term of the Junior year two lectures a week are devoted to 
metallurgy. These lectures are intended to give the students in the technical courses a 
general idea of fuels, ores, and the most important methods of extracting the 
metals which are especially used in construction, the metallurgy of iron naturally 
claiming the most attention. 

Architecture. 

The instruction is given by means of lectures and practical exercises. Its object is 
not merely to develop the artistic powers of the student, but to lay that foundation of 
knowledge without which there can be no true art. Drawing is taught during the first 
two years, and afterward thoroughly used and applied in mechanics, stereotomy and 
designing. 

Architectural mechanics occupies a part of each term for one year. The lectures 
are each supplemented by at least two hours of work on problems. In developing the 
subjects and in solving problems, analytical methods are used ; but for practical use 
special attention is paid to the application of graphical statics. 

The study of the history of architecture and the development of the various styles 
runs through five terms. The lectures are illustrated by photographs, engravings, 
drawings, casts, and models, of which the supply for the use of the department, is very 
large. 



12 



Proper attention is paid to acoustics, ventilation, heating, decoration, contracts, and 
specifications. The whole ground of education in architecture, practical, scientific, 
nistorical, and aesthetic, is covered as completely as is practicable in a four year course.. 

Civil Engineering. 

The several courses of preparatory and professional studies have been planned with 
a view to laying a substantial foundation for the general and technical knowledge needed 
by practitioners in civil engineering ; so that our graduates, guided by their theoretical 
education and as much of engineering practice as can be taught in schools, may develop 
into useful investigators and constructors. 

The aim of this department is mainly to make its pupils cultured and well balanced 
professional men, trained to meet the actual demands of American engineering 
science and practice, without losing sight of the necessity of fostering professional 
progress. 

The prominent characteristic of the organization of this department is the care 
exercised in the choice of its officers of instruction. The advanced mathematics, which 
have a prominent place in all the courses; the graphics, field operations, economics 
of engineering, and investigations in the library and laboratories of the department are, 
with only two exceptions, in charge of a body of instructors who are specialists in their 
respective branches, and who join to a long training as teachers, the professional experi- 
ence derived from active service in charge of construction for periods ranging between 
nine and twenty-five years ; they are thus competent to judge of the needs and best 
methods for promoting the usefulness of this school. It is the duty of these onicers to 
study closely, and contribute to the advancement of their several specialties ; and through 
their acquaintance with the engineering problems of the day and consultation with the 
Dean of the department, secure a proper balance between the various elements which 
enter into the technical education of the civil engineer. As the result of this system of 
administration, and of the success met in years past by heeding the growing tendency to 
specialize, within the means at our disposal at present, it has been necessary to add to 
the general training of the undergraduate course, five additional one year courses 
for graduates, These graduate courses are constantly growing in strength and attracting; 
a steadily increasing number of resident graduates. Under certain restrictions as to the 
number of students, the graduate courses are open to civil engineers of this or other 
institutions having undergraduate courses similar to our own, and offer courses of 
advanced and special studies in the following departments : Bridge Engineering, Railroad 
Engineering, Sanitary and Municipal Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering, and Geodetic 
Engineering. The object of these courses is to provide the young graduate with the 
means of prosecuting advanced investigations after such experience in professional life 
as may lead him to decide in the choice of a specialty. Lectures in the museum and 
laboratories are given to these students for the purpose of directing and aiding their 
original researches. All graduate work may alternate with a limited number of 
elective studies in other professional schools, or in history, literature and general 
science ; but the choice of electives implies suitable preparation for their prosecution, 
and must, besides, meet with the approval of the Dean of this department. 

The work of the students in the undergraduate courses is based upon an extended 
course on the mechanics, and the graphics and economics of engineering. There are no 
elective studies in these courses. The object aimed at is to give as thorough a prepara- 
tion as possible for the general purposes of the profession in the following subjects : The 
survey, location, and construction of railroads, canals, and water works ; the construction 
of foundations in water and on land, and of superstructures and tunnels ; the survey, 
improvements, and defenses of coasts, rivers, harbors and lakes ; the astronomical deter- 
mination of geographical co ordinates for geodetic purposes j the application of mechanics, 
graphical statics, and descriptive geometry to the construction of the various kinds of 
right and oblique arches, bridges, roofs, trusses, suspension and cantilever bridges ; the 
drainage of districts, sewering of towns, and the reclaiming of lands ; the design, con- 
struction, application and tests of wind and hydraulic motors ; air, electrical, and heat. 



13 



engines, and pneumatic works ; the preparation of plans and specifications, and the 
proper inspection, selection, and tests of the materials used in construction. An elemen- 
tary course of lectures is given in engineering and mining economy, finance and juris- 
prudence. The latter subject deals only with the questions of easements and servitudes, 
as digested from Washburn, and to the ordinary principles of the laws of contracts and 
riparian rights. 

The facilities for instruction and for advanced investigations are believed to be 
thorough and efficient. Laboratory work is required of the students, in chemistry, 
mineralogy, geology, physics, and civil engineering ; for which purpose all the libraries, 
collections, and laboratories of the University are open to the students of this department. 

The organization of this department is correlated with that of others through some 
of its departments of instruction, and with great mutual advantage. Thus, this depart- 
ment teaches descriptive geometry to all students in the courses in Civil Engineering, 
Architecture, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering ; and this subject may be elected 
by students in some of the general and scientific courses, and by special students. The 
theory of the arch and stone cutting, with its Corresponding laboratory work, is taken by 
students in Architecture and Civil Engineering. Land Surveying is obligatory for Civil 
Engineers, and may be elected by students of various other courses. The entire course 
an mechanics, hydraulics and hydraulic motors, is taken by the civil engineering students ; 
and the electrical and mechanical engineering students have the first three terms, or the 
mechanics of engineering of solids. The higher mathematical studies and the purely 
professional studies may be elected by any graduates having the necessary preparation. 

The Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and the Mechanic Arts. 

This college has been founded and endowed by the liberal gifts of the Hon, Hiram 
Sibley, of Rochester, N.Y., who in the year 1870 gave about thirty thousand dollars for 
the erection of a suitable building for the Department of Mechanic Arts. He also gave 
ten thousand dollars for increasing its equipment of tools, machines, etc., and afterward 
made a further gift of fifty thousand dollars for the endowment of the Sibley professor- 
ship of practical mechanics and machine construction. During the years 1883 to 1887 
he gave more than seventy-five thousand dollars for the purchase of models, the extension 
of the Sibley College buildings, and the building and equipping of a complete set of 
workshops. The total amount thus presented to Cornell University is nearly one hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars. 

Sibley College is the School of Mechanical Engineering and of Mechanical Arts, of 
Cornell University. The college is divided into three principal departments : that of 
Mechanical Engineering, including a Laboratory, in which experimental work and inves- 
tigations are conducted ; a department of Mechanic Arts, or shopwork ; and a department 
of Drawing and Machine Design. The first-named is presided over by the Director, who 
is also the Professor of Mechanical Engineering. 

Regular Course. 

Sibley College, founded as a college of the Mechanic Arts, is intended by the Trus- 
tees of the University to be made not only a school of arts and trades, but a college of 
mechanical engineering, also in which schools of the mechanic arts and of the various 
branches of mechanical engineering shall be developed, as rapidly and extensively as the 
means placed at the disposal of the Trustees of the University, and a demand for ad- 
vanced and complete courses of instruction, shall allow. 

I. Department of Mechanical Engineering. 

The Department of Mechanical Engineering is divided into two principal sections : 
that of Theoretical Engineering and that of Experimental Engineering, or the Mechani- 
cal Laboratory. 



14 



(1) Section of Theoretical Engineering : — The lecture-room course of instruction con- 
sists of the study, by text-book and lecture, of the materials used in mechanical engineer- 
ing ; the valuable qualities of these materials being exhibited in the mechanical labora- 
tory by the use of the various kinds of testing machines, as well as by examination of 
specimens of all the most familiar grades, of which samples are seen in the cases of the 
museums and lecture-rooms. The theory of strength of materials is here applied, and the 
effects of modifying conditions — such as variation of temperature, frequency and psriod 
of strain, method of application of stress — are illustrated. This course of study is fol- 
lowed, or accompanied, by instruction in the science of pure mechanism or kinematics, 
which traces motions of connected parts, without reference to the causes of such motion^ 
or to the work done, or the energy transmitted. This study is conducted largely in the 
drawing-rooms, where the successive positions of moving parts can be laid down on paper. 
It is illustrated, in some directions, by the set of kinematic models known as the Reu- 
leaux models, a complete collection of which is found in the museums of Sibley College. 

The study of machine design succeeds that of pure mechanism, just described. This 
study also is largely conducted in the drawing-rooms, and is directed by an instructor 
familiar, practically as well as theoretically, with the designing and proportioning of 
machinery. 

The closing work of the course consists of the study, by text-book and lecture, of the 
theory of the steam engine and other motors. The last term of the regular four-year 
course is devoted largely to the preparation of a graduating thesis, in which the student 
is expected to exhibit something of the working power and the knowledge gained during 
his course. A graduating piece is demanded, also, of each student, both in the drawing- 
room and the workshop, which shall show proficiency in those departments. 

(2) Section of Experimental Engineering, or Mechanical Laboratory Instruction : — The 
work in this department will be conducted by an instructor familiar with its apparatus 
and with the best methods of work, and who will plan a systematic course of instruction 
that is intended to give the student not only skill in the use of apparatus of exact mea- 
surement, but to teach him also the best methods of research, and to give him a good idea 
of the most effective methods of planning and of prosecuting investigations, with a view 
to securing fruitfulness of result with minimum expenditure of time and money. 

//. Department of Mechanic Arts, or Shopivork. 

The aim of the instruction in this, the department of Practical Mechanics and 
Machine Construction, is to make the student, as far as time will permit, acquainted with 
the most approved methods of construction and inspection of machinery. 

(1) Section of Wood-working and Pattern-making : — This course begins with a series 
of exercises in woodworking, each of which is intended to give the student familiarity 
with a certain application of a certain tool ; and the course of exercises, as a whole, is 
expected to enable the industrious, conscientious, and painstaking student to easily and 
exactly perform any ordinary operation familiar to the carpenter, the joiner, and the 
pattern-maker. Time permitting, these prescribed exercises are followed by practice in 
making members of structures, joints, and of small complete structures, and of patterns, 
their core-boxes, and other constructions in wood. Particular attention will be paid to 
the details of pattern-making. 

(2) Section of Blacksmithing, Moulding, and Foundrywork : — These courses are 
expected not only to give the student a knowledge of the methods of the blacksmith and 
the moulder, but to teach him also how to use the tools and to give him that manual skill 
in the handling of tools which will permit him to enter the machine shop, and there 
quickly to acquire familiarity and skill in the manipulation of the metals, and in the 
management of both hand and machine tools, as used in the working of such metals. 

(3) Section of Ironworking : — The instruction in the machine shop, as in the foun- 
dry, and the blacksmith shop, is intended to be carried on in substantially the same- 



15 



manner as in the woodworking course, beginning by a series of graded exercises, which 
will give the student familiarity with the tools of the craft and with the operations for 
the performance of which they are particularly designed, and concluding by practice in 
the construction of parts of machinery, and, time permitting, in the building of complete 
machines which may have a market value. 

III. Department of Industrial Drawing and Art. 
I 

(1) Section of Freehand Drawing and Art : — Instruction in this department begins 
with Freehand Drawing, which is taught by means of lectures and general exercises from 
the blackboard, from flat copies, and from models. The work embraces a thorough train- 
ing of the hand and eye in outline drawing, elementary perspective, model and object 
drawing, drawing from casts, and sketching from nature. 

The course in freehand drawing is followed, where time permits, by instruction in 
industrial art, in designing for textiles and ceramics, in modelling, and in other advanced 
studies introductory to the study of fine art. 

(2) Section, of Mechanical Drawing : — The course of instruction in Mechanical 
Drawing is progressive, from machine-sketching and geometrical drawing to designing of 
machinery and making complete working drawings. 

The course begins with freehand drawing, as above ; and in the latter part of this 
work considerable time is expected to be given to the sketching of parts of machines and 
of trains of mechanism, and-later, of working machines. The use of drawing instruments 
is next taught, and, after the student has acquired some knowledge of descriptive geo- 
metry and the allied branches, the methods of work in the drawing-rooms of workshops 
and manufacturing establishments are learned. Line drawing, tracing and blue printing, 
the conventional colors, geometrical constructions, projections, and other important 
details of the draughtsman's work, are practised until the student has acquired some 
proficiency. 

The advanced instruction given the upper classes includes the tracing of curves and 
cams, the study of kinematics on the drawing-boards, tracing the motions of detail -mechan- 
ism, and the kinematic relations of connected parts. This part of the work is accompa- 
nied by lecture-room instruction and the study of the text-book, the instructors in the 
drawing-rooms being assisted by the lecture-room instructor, who is a specialist in this 
branch. The concluding part of the course embraces a similar method of teaching 
machine design, the lecture-room and drawing-room work being correlated in the same 
manner as in kinematics or mechanism. The course concludes, when time allows, by 
the designing of complete machines, as of the steam engine or other motor, or of some 
important special type of machine. 

Industrial Art. 

A four years' course of instruction in Industrial Art is arranged for students having 
a talent for such work, and desiring to devote their whole time to this subject. No 
degree is conferred, but a certificate of proficiency may be given at the end of the course. 

Electrical Engineering. 

The student, at the end of the third year may, if he choose, substitute this work for 
that of the regular course. 

The course of study for the first three years is the same as that of Mechanical Engi- 
neering, comprising drawing, mathematics, mechanics, mechanism, machine design, the 
elementary study of physics, and preliminary practice in the use of electrical and other 
instruments. The special work of the fourth year comprises the study of prime-movers, 
the theory and construction of electrical machinery, the study of the problems involved 
in the distribution of the electric light and the electrical transmission of power, besides 
practice in every variety of electrical measurement and testing, as applied to the erection 
and maintenance of electric lighting plants and telephone and telegraph lines and cables, 
and to the purposes of investigation, 



16 



Graduates in the course in Electrical Engineering are given the degree of Mechanical 
Engineer as in the regular course ; and a statement that the student has paid special at- 
tention to electrical work is introduced into his diploma. 

Graduate Courses. 

Electrical Engineering. — A graduate course is arranged for students in Mechanical 
Engineering who desire further instruction in Electrical Engineering. 

Marine Engineering. — At the request of the University, an officer of the engineer 
corps of the United States Navy has been detailed for the purpose of giving instruction 
in Mechanical and Marine Engineering. Special work in this subject may therefore be 
taken by such students as desire it. This instruction is given in a graduate or fifth-year 
course, after the student shall have completed the regular course in Mechanical Engineer- 
ing or obtained its equivalent elsewhere. 

Mining Engineering. — Although Mining Engineering courses have not been formally 
established, the main instruction required by the mining engineer is now given, as 
follows : the professor of civil engineering and his associates pay especial attention to the 
needs of those intending to connect themselves with the mining industries, giving lectures 
on tunnelling and on the theory and practice of such constructions as are common to the 
professions of civil and mining engineer ; the professor of mechanical engineering and his 
associates pursue a like course, giving instruction in mining machinery ; the professors of 
general chemistry and mineralogy, and of analytical chemistry, give instruction in metal- 
lurgy, assaying, chemical analysis, and cognate subjects ; the professors of geology and 
paleontology give instruction in the theory and classification of ores, and in those branches 
relating to chemical geology. 

Steam Engineering. — Special instruction in Steam Engineering is provided for 
advanced students and educated practising engineers who have pursued the course of 
study in the school of mechanical engineering or its equivalent, and who are thus fitted to 
profit by instruction in this line of special professional work. The course of instruction 
is an extension of the work of the senior year in mechanical engineering, and includes the 
study of steam engines and boilers and their accessory apparatus, for the purpose of learn- 
ing the theory and practice of engineering as applied to this class of motors. 

Railroad Machinery. — This graduate department is intended to prepare the same 
class of students as the schools already described, for special work in railroad shops, and 
especially in the division of the organization of railways placed in charge of superinten- 
dents of motive power, and of master mechanics. All students taking this and the pre- 
ceding courses should have the same preparation as is required in the course in Marine 
Engineering. 

"Special" or Artisan Course. — All special students are expected to follow as closely 
as possible a course of instruction in the mechanic arts and allied studies, planned with 
reference to the needs of such students, and of young men not candidates for a degree, 
who are able to enter on the optional list, passing the primary examinations. 

Non-resident Lecturers. — A room for a lyceum is fitted up for the use of students 
enrolled in Sibley College, in which weekly debates are carried on. 

Supplementing the regular course of instruction, lectures are delivered from time to 
time by the most distinguished men of the profession. 

The course in architecture extends over two years, and consists of instruction in 
Linear Drawing and Projection, Building Materials and Construction, Shades, Shadows 
and Perspective, Mechanics of Building, History of Architecture, Designing, Decoration 
and Acoustics, together with a very thorough course in Drafting. 

The course in Civil Engineering consists of instruction in Linear Drawing, Letter- 
ing, Descriptive Geometry, Pen Topography, Colored Topography, Mechanics of Engi- 
neering, Shades, Shadows, Perspective and Tinting, Structural Details, Elementary De- 
sighing, Railroad Surveying and Economics, Bridge Stresses, Bridge Designing, Bridge 



17 



Construction, Spherical Astronomy, Stereotomy and Theory of the Arch, Hydraulics, 
Geodesy, Theory and Designing of the Oblique Arch and Stone Cutting, Hydraulic Mo- 
tors, Engineering Economics, Hydrographic Mapping and Chart Making, Geodetical 
Practice, Laboratory Practice and Drafting. 

Mechanical Engineering — The course in Mechanical Engineering consists of 
lectures in Kinematics and Mechanism, Materials of Construction, Machine Design, Steam 
Engines and other motors, Thermodynamics and the Theory of the Steam and other Heat 
Engines, Structure and Operation of Engines, Steam Generation, etc. Industrial Draw- 
ing and Art, Mechanical Laboratory. 

In addition to the ordinary course in Civil and Mechanical Engineering, there is 
also a graduate course in Railroad Engineering, Sanitary Engineering, Hydraulic 
Engineering, Geodetic Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Marine Engineering, Mining 
Engineering, Steam Engineering, and Railroad Machinery. 

Course in Architecture — Mechanics, Trusses, Arches, Strength of Materials, and 
Geodetric Engineering, Egyptian, Greek and Roman Architecture, Designing, Byzantine 
and Romanesque Architecture, Decoration, Gothic, Architecture, Photography, Renais- 
sance Architecture, Stereotomy, Modern Architecture, Military Service, Acoustics, 
Ventilation, Warming, Measuring, Contracts and Specifications, Professional Practices, 
and Modelling. 



LEHIGH UNIVERSITY. 



Lehigh University is situated in the City of Bethlehem, in Southern Pennsylvania, 
in the midst of the great iron mining district of the State. It was established by 
the Hon. Asa Packer, of Mauch Chunk, who in 1865, appropriated the sam of 
Five Hundred Thousand Dollars, to which he added one hundred and fifteen acres 
of land in South Bethlehem, to establish an educational Institution in the rich and beau- 
tiful Valley of the Lehigh. From this foundation rose the Lehigh University, incor- 
porated by the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 1866. In addition to these gifts, made 
during his life-time, Judge Packer by his last will secured to the University an endow- 
ment of $1,500,000, and to the University Library one of $500,000. 

The original object of Judge Packer was to afford the young men of the Lehigh 
Valley a complete technical education for those professions which had developed the 
peculiar resources of the surrounding region. Instruction was to be liberally provided in 
Civil, Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Chemistry, Metallurgy, and in all needful 
collateral studies. French and German were made important elements in the collegiate 
course. A School of General Literature was part of the original plan, together with 
tuition in the ancient Classics. 

Free Tuition. 

All its educational facilities are provided without charge. Through the generosity 
of the Founder, the Trustees were enabled, in 1871, to declare tuition free in all 
branches and classes. The Lehigh University is open to young men of good character and 
suitable preparation from every part of the United States, and of the world. 

Faculty. 

The Faculty consists of seven Professors and fourteen Instructors in the Tech- 
nological Department alone, as follows : — 

Robert A. Lamberton, LL.D., President. 

Henry Coppee, LL.D., Professor of English Literature, International and Consti- 
tutional Law, and the Philosophy of History. 

3(T.R) 



18 



William H. Chandler, Ph.D., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry. 

Benjamin W. Frazier, M. A., Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy. 

H. Wilson Harding, M.A., Professor of Physics. 

Charles L. Doolittle, C.E., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. 

William A. Lamberton, M.A., Professor of the Greek Language and Literature. 

Mansfield Merriman, C.E., Ph.D., Professor of Civil Engineering. 

Severin Ringer, U.J.D., Professor of Modern Languages, Literature, and History. 

He^nry C. Johnson, M.A., LL.B., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature. 

Edward H. Williams, Jr., B.A., E.M., A.C., Professor of Mining Engineering and 
Geology. 

Joseph F. Klein, D.E., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and Secretary of the 
Faculty. 

The Rev. Albert W. Snyder, B.D., Professor of Psychology and Christian Evidences- 

Lecturer. 

William L. Estes, M.D., Lecturer on Physiology and Hygiene. 

Instructors. 

Spencer Y. Rice, C.E., Instructor in Drawing. 
Arthur E. Meaker, C.E., Instructor in Mathematics. 
Harvey S. Houskeeper, B.A., Instructor in Physics. 
Preston A. Lambert, B.A., Instructor in Mathematics. 
William K. Gillett, M.A., Instructor in Modern Languages. 
Fonger De Haan, C.N.L., Instructor in Modern Languages. 
Lester P. Breckenridge, Ph.B., Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. 
Henry S. Jacoby, C.E., Instructor in Civil Engineering. 
Fred. Putnam Spalding, C.E., Instructor in Civil Engineering. 
James B. Mackintosh, E.M., C.E., Instructor in Quantitative Analysis. 
Charles N. Lake, Ph.C, Instructor in Qualitative Analysis and Assaying. 
George F. Duck, E.M., Instructor in Mining. 
Edwin F. Miller, M.E., Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. 
Fayette B. Petersen, C.E., Instructor in Metallurgy and Mineralogy. 
Charles W. Marsh, Ph.D., Instructor in Organic and Industrial Chemistry. 
Joseph W. Richards, M.A., A.C., Assistant Instructor in Metallurgy and 
Blowpiping. 

Gymnasium. 
Director, (Vacant.) 
Assistant, Charles F. Seeley. 

Library. 

William H. Chandler, Ph.D., Director. 
A. W. Sterner. Chief Cataloguer. 
Wilson F. Stauffer, Cataloguing Clerk. 
Peter F. Stauffer, Shelf Clerk. 

Buildings. 
Packer Hall, 

named after the Founder, stands seven hundred feet back of Packer Avenue, at the base 
of the South Mountain. It is built of stone and contains Lecture and Recitation Rooms, 
the Drawing Rooms and the Museum of Geology and Natural History. 

The Chemical Laboratory 

is thoroughly fire-proof, is built of sandstone, and is 219 feet in length by 44 in width. 

There are two principal stories and a basement. The upper floor is occupied by the 
quantitative and the qualitative chemical laboratories, the former accommodating 48 and 



19 



the latter 84 students. These rooms are 20 feet in height, and are well lighted and venti- 
lated. A laboratory for industrial chemistry and the supply room are also on this floor. 

The first floor contains a large lecture room, a recitation room, a chemical museum 
and laboratories for organic, physiological, agricultural and sanitary Chemistry. 

In the basement is the large laboratory for the furnace assay of ores and a well- 
appointed laboratory for gas analysis, also rooms containing the apparatus for several 
processes in industrial chemistry, the engine and air-pump for vacum filtration, a store^ 
room and the toilet. 

A photographic laboratory is located in the third story of the central portion of the 
building, 

The Metallurgical Laboratory 

contains a lecture room, a blowpipe laboratory for class instruction in blowpipe analysis; 
and in the practical determination of crystals and minerals, a museum for mineraloai Ca l 
and metallurgical collections, a mineralogical laboratory provided with a Fuess reflecting 
goniometer, a polariscope, a Groth's " universal apparat " and a Rosenbusch polarizing 
microscope, a dry laboratory provided with furnaces for solid fuel and for gas with natural 
draught and with blast, and a wet laboratory for ordinary analytical work. It is arranged 
for the instruction of classes in the courses of mineralogy, metallurgy and blowpipe analy- 
sis of the regular curriculum, and to afford facilities to a limited number of advanced 
students to familiarize themselves with the methods of measurement and research em- 
ployed in mineralogy and metallurgy, and to conduct original investigations in these- 
departments of science. 

The Physical Laboratory 

consists of three stories. A large lecture room with a seating capacity of 150, occupies a 
portion of the second and third floors. It is well lighted and adapted to its purposes, 
On the remainder of these floors are two rooms, each 40 feet long, for Heat and Light 
laboratories, a dark room for photographic work, spectroscopic and apparatus rooms and* 
the private laboratories of the instructors. 

The lower floor is devoted to the use of the students in Electricity. A large room 
nearly 40 feet square is used as the Electrical Laboratory There are smaller rooms for 
photometric and spectroscopic work, also reading, balance, apparatus and engine rooms. 
On this floor a 12 horse-power high speed engine and a dynamo supply two systems of 
electric lights, one of 25 incandescent lamps, the other of four arc lights, for practical tests 
in the Electrical Laboratory and for experimental purposes in the lecture room above. In 
the cellar are battery, storerooms, etc. 

The tower and two rooms in the east end of Christmas Hall have been given to the- 
Departments of Physics and will be equipped as a Meteorological Observatory. 

The Sayre Observatory. 

Near Brodhead Avenue is the Sayre Observatory, the gift of Robert H. Sayre, Esq.,, 
of South Bethlehem, containing an equatorial and a zenith telescope, transit instrument 
and astronomical clock. 

The University Library. 

To the East of Packer Hall is the University Library, erected by the Founder in 
memory of Mrs. Lucy Packer Linderman, his daughter. 

The Gymnasium 

is a handsome and spacious structure, built and equipped with the utmost thoroughness, 
It is furnished with the best patterns of gymnastic apparatus, besides Dr. Sargent's 
system of Developing appliances. It is provided with hot and cold water ; tub, sponge 
and shower baths, and 329 clothes closets. Opportunities for recreation and amusement 
are provided in the billiard room and bowling alleys. It is under the immediate care of 
a skilled and competent Director. 



20 



All students are required to undergo a physical examination before being allowed the 
use of the Gymnasium, and this examination will be repeated once each year during their 
stay at the University. The proper exercise is prescribed and is required of every student. 
The' aim of the Institution is to promote a harmonious symmetrical development best 
suited to the individual condition of the student. 

Admission of Students. 

Entrance Examinations. 

Examinations for admission to the University are held at the opening of each term, 
and also in June at the close of the Academic year. 

Character of the Examinations. 

The examinations are rigorous and cover the entire ground laid down in the following 
scheme. They are all conducted in writing, supplemented by. an oral examination at the 
option of the examiner. 

All candidates for admission must be at least sixteen years of age, must present 
testimonials of good .moral character; and, must satisfactorily pass in the following 
subjects: 

1. English Grammar, including composition, spelling and punctuation. It is recom- 
mended that candidates have a knowledge of Latin Grammar, although an examination in 
it is not required for any courses except the Classical and the Latin- Scientific. 

2. Geography, general and political. 

3. History of the United States, including the Constitution. 

4. Arithmetic, including the metric system of weights and measures. 

5. Algebra, Fundamental Principles. Factoring. Least Common Multiple. Greatest 
Common Divisor. Fractions. Involution. Evolution. Radicals. Imaginary Quanti- 
ties. Equations of the First and Second Degrees. Ratio. Proportion and Progres- 
sions. 

6. Geometry, Fundamental Principles. Rectilinear Figures. The Circle. Proportional 
Lines and Similar Figures, Comparison and Measurement of the Surfaces of Rectilinear 
Figures. Regular Polygons. Measurement of the Circle. Maxima and Minima of 
Plane Figures. The Plane and Polyhedral Angles. 

For admission to the various courses, in addition to the requirements above given, 
the examinations include : 

7. Elementary Physics. 

Special Students. 

Young men who do not desire to take a full regular course can enter and select 
special shorter courses, with the sanction of the Faculty ; but in all cases satisfactory ex- 
aminations must be passed upon the subjects required for admission to the Freshman 
class. 

Admission to Advanced Studies. 

Candidates for admission to advanced studies in any course are required to pass, in 
addition to the entrance examinations for that course, examinations in the work already 
done by the classes which they desire to enter. These examinations are held on the same 
days as those for admission to the Freshman class. 

Admission to the Post Graduate Course. 

Students of this University who have taken their first degree, and others, on pre- 
senting a diploma of an equivalent degree conferred elsewhere, are a Jmitted to advanced 
studies, according to the plan to be found under the general subject of Graduate Students. 



21 

Freshman Glass. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Ohauvenet's Geometry (completed). 

Chemistry. — Lectures. Fownes' Elementary Chemistry. 

German. — Brandt's Grammar. Lodeman's Manual of Exercises. Writing in 
German text. Translations into English. Or French. — Chardenal. Keetel's Analy- 
tical Reader. 

Drawing. — Elementary Projections, Shading and Lettering. Descriptive Geometry. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Physiology and Health. — Lectures. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term 

Mathematics. — Olney's University Algebra, Fart III. Plane and Spherical Trigo- 
nometry and Mensuration. Use of Logarithmic Tables. 

Surveying. — Theory of Chain and Compass Surveying. Computation of Areas. 
Elements of Levelling. 

German. — Grammar and Exercises (continued). Joyne's Otto's Reader. Transla-^ 
tions. Or French. — Grammar. Keetel's Reader. Translations. 

Drawing. — Projection Drawing and Descriptive Geometry. Freehand drawing. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Sophomore Glass. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Analytical Geometry : Olney's General Geometry. 

Physics. — Mechanics, Heat, and Electricity. Lectures. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises. Translations. Readings. Or French. — Grammar, 
Chardenal's Exercises. Readings. Translations. 

Drawing. — Isometric Drawing. Architectural Drawing. 

Surveying. — Use of the Compass, Level and Transit. Surveys and Maps of Farms,, 

Colored Topography. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics. — Differential and Integral Calculus : Olney. 

Physics. — Sound, Light and Meteorology. Lectures. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises. Systematic Readings. Translations. Dictation. 

Or French. — Grammar. Dictation. Chardenal's Exercises. O'Connor : Choix de- 
Contes Contemporains. 

Mechanics. — Mathematical Theory of Motion. Science of Motion in General,. 
Statics. Dynamics, and Statics of Fluids. Lectures on the Theory of Centre of 
Gravity and Moment of Inertia. 

Surveying. — Profiles and Contour Maps. Hydrographic and City Surveying. Use, 
of the Plane Table. Topographical Drawing. 

Essays and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 



22 

Junior Class. 
First Term. 

Mathematics. — Integral Calculus : Courtenay. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Translation. Dictation. Compositions. Or 
■French. — Translation. Readings. Contemporary Authors. Saintsbury : Specimens 
of French Literature. Conversation Class in both languages optional. 

Surveying, — Triangulation. Levelling. Topographical Surveying with Transit and 
Stadia. Topographical Map. 

Strength of Materials. — Elasticity and Strength of "Wood, Stone and Metals. Theory 
of Columns, Shafts and Beams. Reports on the Testing of Materials. 

Construction. — Materials of Construction. Masonry. Foundations. Construction 
of Roads and Pavements. 

Crystallography. — Lectures, with practical exercises in the determination of Crystals. 

Literature and History. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Compositions. Lectures on German Literature* 
*Or French. — Reading. Dictation. Compositions. Lectures on French Literature. 

Surveying. — Theory of Railroad Curves. Railroad Reconnaissance and Location. 
Survey of a Line, with Profile, Map and Estimate of cost. 

Roofs and Bridges. — Theory and Calculation of Strains in Roof and Bridge Trusses. 
Construction. — Stone cutting, with Practical Drawings. Construction and Main- 
tenance of Railroads. Theory of Retaining Walls and Stone Arches. 

Mineralogy. — Descriptive Mineralogy, with Practical Exercises in the Determination 
t)f Minerals. 

Essays and Original Orations. 

Gymnasium. 

Senior Class. 

First Term. 

Astronomy. — Loomis' Treatise, with Lectures. 

Graphical Statics. — Analysis of Stresses in Roof Trusses, Bridge Trusses and 
Arches. 

Bridges. — Suspension, Continuous and Cantilever Bridges. Design of an Iron 
Bridge, with Working Drawings. 

Surveying. — Use of Solar Transit and Sextant. 

Mechanics of Machinery. — Pile Drivers, Cranes and Elevators. The mechanics of 
the Locomotive. 

Geology. — Lithology, with practical exercises in determining rocks. 
Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 
Astronomy. — Doolittle's Practical Astronomy, with Observatory Work. 

Surveying. — Elements of Geodesy. The Figure of the Earth. Map Projections. 
Elements of the Method of Least Squares. 

Hydraulics. — Hydrostatics. Efflux of water from orifices, and flow in pipes and 
divers. Hydraulic motors. 



23 



Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering. — Collection, Purification and Distribution of 
Water. Systems of Water Supply. The Combined and the Separate System of Sewer- 
age. Disposal of Sewage. House Drainage. Hydraulic Experiments. 

. Geology. — Historic and dynamic. Le Conte. 

Lectures on Engltsh Literature. 

Christian Evidences. — Lectures. 

Preparation of Thesis. 

Gymnasium. 

The Course of Mechanical Engineering. 

The object of this course is the study of the Science of Machines. The principal 
subjects taught are : The nature, equivalence and analysis of mechanisms, the mechanics 
or theory of the principal classes of types and machinery, Mechanical Technology and the 
principles and practice of Machine Design. 

That the students may obtain the practical engineering data which they will most 
need when beginning their work as mechanical engineers, they are required to pursue a 
course of Shop Instruction which does not necessarily involve manual labor and manipu- 
lation of tools, but is principally devoted to familiarizing them with those points in 
pattern-making, moulding, forging, fitting and finishing, which they need to know as 
designers of machinery. Particular attention is therefore directed to the forms and sizes 
•of machine parts that can be readily constructed in the various workshops, to the time 
that it takes to perform, and the order of, the various operations, to the dimensions most 
needed by workmen and to the various devices for increasing the accuracy of the work, 
durability of the parts and convenience of manipulation. This involves acquaintance 
with the processes and machinery of the workshops, but it is the foreman's and superin- 
tendent's knowledge which is required rather than the manual dexterity and skill of the 
workman and tool hand. The acquirements peculiar to the latter are by no means 
despised, and students are encouraged to familiarize themselves therewith during leisure 
hours, but manual work in the shops forms no regnlar part of the course. On the con- 
trary, the student enters the shop with hands and mind free to examine all the processes, 
operations and machinery, and is ready at the call of the teacher to witness any opera- 
tion of special interest. Provided with note-book, pencil, calipers and measuring rule, 
the student sketches the important parts of the various machine-tools, notes down the 
successive steps of each of the important shop-processes as illustrated by the pieces 
operated upon, and follows pieces of work through the shops from the pig or merchant 
form to the finished machine. 

That the students may learn to observe carefully and be trained to think and observe 
for themselves in these matters, there is required of them a full description of the various 
processes, operations and tools involved in the production of each one of a series of 
properly graded examples of patterns, castings, forgings and finished pieces which are 
not being constructed in the shops at the time and the blue prints for which have been 
given to them on entering the shops. The student's work is directed not only by these 
drawings and by the printed programme given him at the start, but also personally by a 
teacher, who accompanies him into the shops, gives necessary explanations, and tests 
the extent and accuracy of his knowledge by examining the sketches and notes and by 
frequent questioning. Finally the results of the observations and the sketches are 
embodied in a memoir. 

During the course there are frequent visits of inspection to engineering wor^s, both 
in and out of town, with special reference to such subjects as Machine Elements, Prime 
Movers, Machinery for lifting, handling and transporting, and Machinery for changing 
the form and size of materials. It is intended that each of these excursions shall have 
some definite purpose in view which must be fully reported upon by the students. 

The instruction in Machine Design, during the second term of the Junior year, con- 
sists in determining rational and empirical formulas for proportioning such machine parts 



24 



as come under the head of fastenings, bearings, rotating, sliding and twisting pieces, 
belt and toothed gearing, levers and connecting rods, also in comparing recent and 
approved forms of these same parts with respect to their advantages as regards fitness, 
ease of construction and durability, and in making full-sized working drawings of thes,e 
parts ; all the dimensions are determined by the students from the above mentioned 
formulas, the data being given as nearly as possible as they would arise in practice. 
During the Senior year the students undertake the calculations, estimates and working 
drawings involved in the design of a simple but complete machine, each student being 
engaged upon a different machine. From the finished drawings of each machine, tracings 
are made and then blue prints taken for distribution among the other members of the 
class. The whole class also takes up the design of a steam engine, every dimension being 
determined by the students, and complete working-drawings made. In the case of the 
simple machines and of the steam engine, the general plan or arrangement will be given 
to the students in the form of rough sketches, photographs or wood-cuts. This work will 
continue to the middle of the last term of the Senior year. From this time on the 
students are expected to make original designs for simple mechanisms, whose object has 
been fully explained. Throughout the course the work in the draughting room is carried 
on as nearly as possible like that of an engineering establishment, and special attention 
is paid to methods of expediting the work of calculation by means of simple formulas, 
tables and diagrams. 

The graduate in this course will receive the degree of Mechanical Engineer (M.E.). 

Freshman Class. 

Second Term. 

• Mathematics. — Olney's University Algebra, Part III. Plane and Spherical Trigo- 
nometry and Mensuration. Use of Logarithmic Tables. 

German. — Grammar and Exercises (continued). Joynes' Otto's Reader. Transla- 
tions. Or French. — Grammar. Keetel's Reader. Translations. 

Drawing. — Projection Drawing and Descriptive Geometry. Freehand Drawing. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Sophomore Class. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Analytical Geometry : Olney's General Geometry. 

Physics. — Mechanics, Heat and Electricity. Lectures. 

Drawing. — Isometrical Drawing. Architectural Drawing. 

Visits of Inspection. — Shops of the vicinity. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises. Translations. Readings. Or French. — Grammar. 
Chardenal's Exercises. Readings. Translations. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics. — Differential and Integral Calculus : Olney. 

Phijsics. — Sound, Light and Meteorology. Lectures. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises Systematic Readings. Translations. Dictation. 
Or French. — Grammar. Die a. ion. Chavdenul's Exerci&es. O'Counor : Choix de Contes- 
Contemporaiiis. 



25 



Mechanics. — Mathematical Theory of Motion. Science of Motion in general. Statics. 
Dynamics and Statics of Fluids. Lectures on Theory of Centre of Gravity and Moment 
of Inertia. 

Steam Engine. — Rigg's Practical Treatise. 

Essays and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Junior Class. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Integral Calculus : Courtenay. 

German. — Systematic Headings. Translation. Dictation. Compositions. Or 
Freneh. — Translations, Readings. Contemporary authors. Saintsbury : Specimens of 
French Literature. Conversation Class in both languages optional. 

^Mechanical Technology. — Shop instruction. Examination of the processes and appli- 
ances involved in pattern-making, moulding, forging, fitting and finishing, with sketches 
and reports. 

Boilers. — Wilson. Strength, construction and wear and tear of boilers. 

Strength of Materials. — Elasticity and strength of wood, stone and metals. Theory 
of beams, shafts and columns. Reports on experimental tests. 

Literature and History. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Compositions. Lectures on German Literature. 
Or French. — Reading. Dictation. Compositions. Lectures on French Literature. 
Conversation Class in both languages optional. 

Kinematics of Machinery. — Reuleaux. Nature and Equivalence of Mechanisms. 

Machine Design. — Proportioning of such machine parts as come under the head of 
fastenings, bearings, rotating and sliding pieces, belt and toothed gearing, levers and con- 
necting rods. 

Metallurgy. — Metallurgical Processes. Furnaces. Refractory Building Materials. 
Combustion. Natural and Artificial Fuels. Metallurgy of Iron. 

Machinery of Transmission. — Weisbach-Herrmann. 

Essays and Original Orations. 

Gymnasium. 

Senior Glass. 

First Term. 

Thermodynamics. — General principles ; application to Steam Engines and Air Gom- 



Graphical Statics. — Graphical Analysis of Roof Trusses and Girders. 

Machine Design. — Calculations and working-drawings for a High-speed Steam 
Engine. 

Kinematics. — Diagrams of the changes of position, speed and acceleration in mechan- 
isms. Link and valve motions. Quick return motions. Parallel motions. Laying out 
of Cams. 

Mechanics of Machinery. — Weisbach-Herrmann. Hoisting Machinery, Accumu- 
lators, Cranes and Locomotives. 

Gymnasium. 



26 



Second Term. 

Mechanics of Machinery. — Weisbach-Herrmann. Pumps, Pumping Engines, Blow- 
ing Engines, Compressors and Fans. 

Machine Design. — Calculations and working drawings for the following machines : 
Drilling, Shaping, Milling, Shearing and Punching Machines, Hoists, Pumps and Stone 
Crushers. Original Designs. 

Hydraulics. — Hydrostatics. Flow of water in pipes and channels ; hydraulic 
motors. 

Measurement of Power. — Indicating of Steam Engines ; determination of evaporative 
efficiency of boilers ; dynamometer experiments. 

Lectures on American and English Literature. 
Christian Evidences. — Lectures. 
Preparation of Thesis. 
Gymnasium. 

The Course in Mining and Metallurgy. 

This course aims to fit the student for practical work in either of the branches of 
Mining, Metallurgy, Metallurgical Chemistry, or Geology. On account of the great 
number and scope of the studies necessary to the completion of this course, it is five years 
in length. At the completion of the fourth year the student will have completed a course 
similar to t*hat leading to the Scientific degree in other institutions and will receive the 
degree of Bachelor of Science in Mining and Metallurgy (B.S.). 

The graduate in this course will receive the degree of Engineer of Mines (E.M.), 
which includes that of Metallurgist. 

Chemistry. — The course in Theoretical and Applied Chemistry extends over three 
years and includes the methods of wet and dry Assaying and Blowpipe analysis combined 
with the working of Stoichiometric problems and the Study of Chemical Philosophy. 
The practical work is that required for a Metallurgical Chemist or Assayer. 

Metallurgy. — This course extends over one year and, after treating of the principles 
of the subject, enters minutely into the processes for the extraction and separation of 
metals from ores, with details of the necessary plants required and costs of extraction. 
A special laboratory attached to this department affords practical work in metallurgical 
problems. 

Geology. — Three terms are devoted to Crystallography, Mineralogy, and Macroscopic 
Lithology. In each study, after a grounding of the theory of the subject, there is an 
extended course in practical determination of the most important species. There are 
from three to four hundred specimens to illustrate the first study, and from three to five 
thousand hand specimens for each of the two latter. A year is then given to dynamic, 
historic and economic Geology, and this is supplemented by field work and the construc- 
tion of maps and sections. 

Astronomy. — After studying the theory of the subject, two-thirds of the year are 
devoted to practical work in the Observatory. 

Applied Mechanics. — This embraces Hydraulics, a study of the Steam Engine and 
the mechanics of machines employed in Mining and Metallurgy. 

Surveying. — -A course extending over five terms offers practice in land, mine, and 
geological surveying, levelling, topography, triangulation, and railroad reconnaissance 
and location, It also includes practical work in drawing and map construction. 

Mining. — This course covers the theory and practice of locating and winning 
deposits with a full discussion of and prac ce in the engineering pLoblems occurring in 
Mining, such as haulage, pumping, venoilation and hygiena, orediessing, and mining 
Law. A series of projects supplement the problems and give practical studies in Mining 
and Metallurgy. 



27 



The location of the University in the vicinity of the iron works of the Lehigh 
Valley and especially of the extensive establishment of the Bethlehem Iron Company, 
affords unusual facilities for the practical study of iron metallurgy. The processes for 
the manufacture of spelter and oxide of zinc may be studied at the Bethlehem Zinc 
Works. The facilities for the practical study of mining and economic geology are not 
excelled by those of any other Institution in the country. The zinc mines at Friedens- 
ville and the brown hematite and slate deposits of the Lehigh Valley are in the 
immediate vicinity, while within easy reach by rail are the anthracite coal fields of 
Pennsylvania, the iron and zinc mines of New Jersey, and the celebrated iron mines at 
Cornwall, Pa. 

Freshman Class. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics. — Olney's University Algebra, Pt. III. Plane and Spherical Trigono* 
metry and Mensuration. Use of Logarithmic tables. 

German. — Grammar and Exercises (continued). Joyne's Otto's Reader. Transla- 
tions. Or French: — Grammar. Keetel's Reader. Translations. 

Drawing. — Projection Drawing and Descriptive Geometry. Freehand Drawing. 

Surveying. — Theory of Chain and Compass Surveying, Computation of Areas and 
Levelling. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Sophomore Glass. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Analytical Geometry : Olney's General Geometry. 

Physics. — Mechanics, Heat and Electricity. Lectures. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises. Translations. Reading. Or French. — Grammar. 
Ohardenal's Exercises. Readings. Translations. 

Drawing. — Isometric Drawing. Architectural Drawing. 

Surveying. — Use of the Level and Transit. Surveys and Maps of Farms. Colored 
Topography. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics. — Differential and Integral Calculus : Olney. 

Mechanics. — Mathematical Theory of Motion. Science of Motion in general. 
Statics. Dynamics and Statics of Fluids. Lectures on Theory of Centre of Gravity and 
Moment of Inertia. 

Chemistry. — Lectures and Laboratory Practice. Douglass and Prescott's Qualita- 
tive Analysis. 

Stoichometry. 

German. — Grammar Exercises. Systematic Readings. Translations. Dictations. 
Or French. — Grammar. Dictation. Chardenal's Exercises. O'Connor : Choix de 
Oontes Contemperains. 

Essays and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 



28 






Junior Class. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Integral Calculus I Courtenay. 

Strength of Materials. — Elasticity and strength of wood, stone and metals. Theory 
of beams, columns snd shafts. 

Crystallography. — Lectures, with Practical Exercises in the determination of" 
Crystals. 

Surveying. — Triangulation. Levelling. Topographical Surveys with Transit and 
Stadia. Topographical Maps. 

Chemical Philosophy. — Cooke. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Translation. Dictation. Compositions. Or 
French. — Translation. Headings. Contemporary Authors. Saintsbury : Specimens o£ 
French Literature. Conversation Class in both languages optional. 

Literature and History. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Mineralogy. — Descriptive Mineralogy, with Practical Exercises in the Determina- 
tion of Minerals : E. S. Dana. 

Blow-Pipe Analysis. — Lectures, with Practice. Plattner, Brush, or Nason and 
Chandler. 

Chemistry. — Fresenius' Quantitative Analysis. The following analyses are executed 
by the student : 

1. Iron Wire (Fe) 

2. Copper Ore (Cu) 

3. Silver Coin (Au, Ag, Pb, Cu) 

4. Zinc Ore (Zn) By both Gravimetric and Volumetric Methods. 

5. Bronze (Cu, Sn, Zn, Pb) 

6. Spiegeleisen (Mn) 

7. Lead Ore (PbS) 

8. Ilmenite (Ti0 2 ) 

9. Iron Ore (Complete Analysis) 

Steam Engine. — Rigg's Practical Treatise. 

Surveying. — Theory of Railroad curves. Railroad Reconnaissance and Location.. 
Survey of a Line, with Profile, Map and Estimate of cost. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Compositions. Lectures on German Literature 
Or French. — Reading. Dictation. Compositions. Lectures on French Literature^ 
Conversation Class in both languages. 

Essays and Original Orations. 

Gymnasium. 

Senior Class. 

First Term. 

Thermodynamics. — General principles ; application to Steam Engines and Air 
Compressors. 

Geology. — General Geological Definitions and Principles. Dynamic Geology. 
Lithology. — Theory, with practical exercises in determining rocks. 



29 



Chemistry. — Quantitative Analysis : Laboratory Work : Fresenius. The following 
-analyses are executed by the student : 

10. Limestone (Complete Analysis) 

11. Coal (Violate Matter, Fixed Carbon, Ash, H 2 0, S, P) 

12. Slag (Complete Analysis) 

13. Pig Iron (Complete Analysis) 

14. Carbon in Steel (Volumetric) 

15. Nickel Ore (Ni, Co) 

16. Gas Analysis. 

Assaying. — Including the Assay by the dry methods of Gold, Silver, Antimony, 
Mercury, Lead, Iron and Tin ores. Laboratory Work. Ricketts. 

Second Term. 

Metallurgy. — Metallurgical Processes. Furnaces. Refractory Building Materials. 
•Combustion. Natural and Artificial Fuels. Metallurgy of Iron. 

Mining. — Modes of Occurrences of the Useful Minerals. Searching for Mineral 
deposits. Examination of Mining Properties. Boring. Mining Tools, Machines and 
Processes. Timberiug and Masonry. Callon. Andre. Lectures. 

Geology. — -Historic and Economic Geology. Lectures. LeConte. Dana. 

Blow-pipe Analysis. — Practice. 

Hydraulics. — Hydrostatics. Flow of water in pipes and channels. Hydraulic 
Motors. 

Surveying. — Mine Survey. Theory and Practice, with construction of Mine Maps. 
Tunnelling and Shaft location. 



Gymnasium. 



Post-senior Class. 
First Term. 



Metallurgy. — Of Copper, Lead, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Mercury, Tin, Zinc, Nickel, 
Oobalt, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. 

Mining. — Methods of Working. Underground Transportation. Hoisting, Drainage 
and Pumping. Ventilation and Lighting. Hygiene of Mines. 

^Mechanics of Machinery. — Weisbach-Herrmann. Hoisting Machinery, Accu adu- 
lators, Cranes. 

Astronomy. — Descriptive Astronomy : Loomis. 

* Surveying. — Geological Survey : Mapping and cross-sectioning. 

Second Term. 
Mining. — Mechanical Preparation of Ores. Coal Washing. 

Mechanics and Machinery. — Pumps, Pumping-Engines, Blowing-Engines, Com- 
pressors and Fans. 

Astronomy. — Doolittle's Practical Astronomy, with Observatory Work. 

Drawing. — Mining Plant. Systems of Timbering. 

Projects. — In Mining, Geology and Metallurgy. 

Lectures on American and English Literature. 

Christian Evidences. — Lectures. 

Preparation of Thesis. . 

*The Surveying is completed in the first half of the term by taking four exercises per week. The 
Mechanics of Machinery is then begun. 



30 



The Course in Electrical Engineering and Physics. 

The degree of Electrical Engineer (E.E.) is given to the graduates of this course. 

In the arrangement of the details of this course, the object has been to provide 
for those, who seek to fit themselves as Electrical Engineers, a preliminary training 
as complete and broad as that given to the members of the other schools. The require- 
ments for admission, the mathematical and English studies, the modern languages and 
other outside branches are the same as those in the other technical courses. To these 
have been added such portions of the Mechanical Engineering Course, with which this- 
course is most closely allied, as are necessary to give the student a general, but sufficiently 
accurate knowledge of machinery. 

This preparation joined to the unusually full development of Physics — and especially 
of Electricity — will, it is thought, make a course sufficiently comprehensive and thorough 
for the proper training of candidates for this degree. The great success attending the 
large majority of young men who have taken the one year's Course in Electricity, in their- 
subsequent electrical work, warrants the belief that this broader and more extended 
course will attain its object. 

The main feature of this new course is the prominence given to the subject of 
Physics. This extends through three years and while Electricity is specially developed, 
the other branches, Elementary Mechanics, Heat and Light are fully provided for. The- 
opportunity is thus given to any one, who wishes to acquire a more extensive knowledge 
of Physics than the University curriculum has heretofore offered. The student is well 
drilled in the theory by means of lectures and recitations, which carefully cover the 
whole subject and he is required to go over the ground himself in the best of all schools 
— the working laboratory. Enough of work on each topic is given him to render him 
familiar with his subject. Much prominence is given to work that brings out the resources 
of the student himself, such as the construction of instruments and . original investiga- 
tion. He is encouraged to this and a regular portion oi his time is set apart for this 
object. 

Freshman Class. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics. — Olney's University Algebra, Part III. Plane and Spherical Trigono- 
metry and Mensuration. Use of Logarithmic Tables. 

Chemistry. — Lectures and Laboratory Practice. Douglass and Prescott's Qualitative 
Analysis. 

German. — Grammar and Exercises (continued). Joyne's Otto's Header. Transla^ 
tions. Or French. — Grammar. Keetel's Reader. Translations. 

Drawing. — Projection Drawing. Descriptive Geometry. Freehand Drawing. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Sophomore Class. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Analytical Geometry : Olney's General Geometry. 

Mechanics, Sound and Heat. — (Theory, lectures and recitations.) 

Mechanics. — (Physical Laboratory). Exact Measurements. Density. Elasticity. 
Tenacity. Hydrostatics. Specific Gravity. Atmospheric Pressure (with barometric 
levelling.) Gravitation. Moment of Inertia. 

Sound. — Determination of velocities and wave lengths. Measurements of vibrations. 
Verifications of laws of vibrations of sounding bodies. 

Heat. — Construction of Instruments. Thermometry. Expansion. Conduction. 
Radiation. 



31 



Drawing.— Isometrical Drawing. Architectural Drawing. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises. Translations. Headings. Or French — Gram- 
mar. Chardenal's Exercises. Readings. Translations. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics. — Differential and 1 ntegral Calculus : Olney. 

Heat. — Continued. (Physical Laboratory.) Fusion and Va/poiization. Calorimetry. 
Hygrometry. Elementary Thermodynamics. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises. Systematic Readings. Translations. Dictation. 
Or French. — Grammar. Dictation. Ohardenal's Exercises. O'Connor: Choix de 
Contes Contemporains. 

Mechanics. — Mathematical Theory of Motion. Science of Motion in general. 
Statics. Dynamics and Staiics of Fluids. Lectures on Theory of Centre of Gravity 
and Moment of Inertia. 

Steam Engine. — Rigg's Piactical Treatise 

Essays and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Junior Class. 

First Term. 

Mathematics. — Integral Calculus : Com tenay. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Translation. Dictation. Compositions. Or 
French. — Translations. Readings Contemporaneous authors. Saintsbury : Specimens 
of French Literature. Conversation Class in both languages optional. 

Light and Magnetism. — (Theory ; text books and lectures). 

Light. — (Physical Laboratory). Investigation of general Principles and Laws. 
Determination of Focal Lengths and Indices of Refraction, Testing and Adjustment of 
Optical Instruments. Spectroscopic Analysis. Photometry. Polarization. DiB'raction. 

Magnetism. — Fundamental Experiments. Verification of Laws of Magnets. Study 
and Mapping of Lines of Force. Determination of Moments of Magnets; and of hor- 
izontal component and whole intensity of Earth's Magnetism in absolute units. 
Distribution of Magnetism. 

Meteorology. — Text-book and practice. Observations for several months as taken in 
the U. S. Signal Service Stations ; with all the usual corrections and reductions ■ con- 
struction of charts ; mapping curves ; reports, etc. 

Strength of Materials. — Elasticity and strength of wood, stone and metals. Theory 
of beams, columns and shafts. 

Boilers. — Wilson. Strength, construction and wear and tear of boilers. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Electricity.— (Theory ; text-books and lectures). 

Static Electricity. — (Physical Laboratory). Investigation of Principles. Quantita- 
tive Laws. Measurements of Potential, Capacity, etc. Induction. Condensation. 
Analysis of Machines. 

Voltaic Electricity — Management and care of a large variety of batteries. Con- 
struction of Instruments. Determination of Constants. Electro- Magnetism. Induction 



32 



Electro-Dynamics. Electrical Measurements of Potential, "Resistance and Current 
Strength. Electrolysis. Electroplating. Electrotyping. Thermo Electricity. Second- 
ary Batteries. Eelation of Electrical Currents to Heat and Mechanical Work. 

German. — Systematic Eeadings. Compositions. Lectures on German Literature : 
Deutsche Literatur. Or French. — Reading. Dictation. Compositions. Lectures on 
French Literature. Conversation Class in both languages, optional. 

Machine Designs. — Proportioning of such machine parts as come under the head of 
fastenings, bearings rotating and sliding pieces, belt and toothed gearing, levers and con- 
necting rods. 

Literature and History. — Lectures. 
Essays and Original Orations.. 
Gymnasium. 

Senior Class. 

First Term. 

Dynamic Machines. — Theory, text-book and lectures. (Physical Laboratory). 
Practical running and care of dynamos and motors. Measurements of magnetic field, 
potential, resistance and heating. Visits to manufactories and working systems. 

Electric Lighting. — Lectures. (Physical Laboratory). Study of different systems. 
Calculations and arrangement of plant. Wiring. Insulation. Photometric tests of 
different arc and incandescent lamps. Determination of heat units given off by various 
incandescent lamps ; their resistance (hot and cold). Energy consumed in lamps and 
conductors. Spectroscopic tests of purity of carbons. 

Machine Design. — Calculations for a High Speed Steam Engine. 

Astronomy. — Loomis' Treatise, with Lectures. 

Graphical Statics of Mechanism. — Herrmann Smith. 

Scientific Readings. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Telegraphs and Telephone. — Investigation of different systems. Arrangement of 
lines and stations. Test of lines for conductivity, insulation, location of faults, etc. 

Application' of Electricity to Railways. — Theory of the two systems, with inspection 
of electric railways. 

Measurement of Power. — Indicating of Steam Engines ; dynamometer experiments . 

Dynamic Machines. — (Physical Laboratory). Tests of Efficiency in Generators and 
Motors, etc. 

Physics. — Original Investigation. 

English Literature. — Lectures on English and American Literature. 

Christian Evidences. 

Preparation of Thesis. — (With Laboratory work). 

Gymnaisum. 

The Course in Chemistry. 

This course of study is designed to prepare students for the profession of the Chemist, 
in connection with metallurgical establishments, sugar refineries, gas works, superphosphate 
works, electrical machinery manufactories, mining companies, etc., and the general con- 
sulting and analytical work of the Professional Chemist. It is also well adapted for the 
preparation of teachers of chemistry and as a preliminary course to the study of medicine. 
It is eminently practical, the student's time being largely occupied by practical work in 



33 



the large, well equipped and well ventilated chemical laboratories, which were completed 
in 1885 and constitute the best constructed building for this purpose in this country. 
The museum of Chemistry contains large collections of specimens, illustrating theoretical 
and applied chemistry, for illustrating the lectures on these subjects. 

Theoretical Chemistry. — Instruction in this subject begins with lectures four times a 
week, in the first term of the Freshman year ; these lectures are fully illustrated by ex- 
periments, colored diagrams, working drawings and lantern pictures and specimens from 
the museum. These lectures include a general introduction to Theoretical Chemistry, 
and a description of the non-metallic and metallic elements and their compounds, the 
general subject of inorganic chemistry. The students are required to take notes of the 
lectures, and to pass a written examination at the end of the term. 

In the second term of this year Stoichiometry and chemical problems and reactions 
are taught by recitations twice each week. 

The study of Theoretical Chemistry is continued throughout the Sophomore year, by 
recitations three times a week from Cooke's Chemical Philosophy, and is concluded in the 
first term of Junior, by a course of lectures and recitations on Theoretical Organic 
Chemistry, four times a week. These lectures are illustrated by experiments and by 
specimens from the museum of Chemistry. 

Written examinations are held at the close of each of the above courses. 

Analytical Chemistry. — Qualitative Analysis is taught in the second term of the 
Freshman year, by lectures, recitations and practical work in the Qualitative Laboratory, 
twelve hours of practical work per week being required. This laboratory is a large, 
well ventilated and well lighted room, and supplied with convenient working tables, 
vacuum filtration, hoods for noxious vapors, steam baths, gas and washing appliances, 
and a commodious room for hydrosulphuric acid. Distilled water is delivered by faucet 
in this room and the other large laboratories. At the close of the term a practical 
examination is held in this subject. 

After completing this course, Quantitative Analysis is taken up throughout the 
Sophomore and the first term of the Junior years. This subject is taught by lectures, 
recitations and practical work in the Quantitative Laboratory, which is equipped simi- 
larly to the Qualitative Laboratory, but is supplied in addition with apparatus for 
drying precipitates and residues, rooms for the chemical balances, for combustions, and 
for a reference library. 

Twelve hours per week are required during the first term of the Sophomore year, 
and fifteen hours during the second term of that year and the first term of the Junior 
year. 

The course consists in Gravimetric and Volumetric Analyses, as applied to the 
substances given in the lists farther on, accuracy being required in the determination of 
each constituent. 

At the close of each term, written and oral examinations are held upon the theory 
and practice of Quantitative Analysis. 

Gas Analysis is taught by lectures and laboratory practice in the Gas Laboratory. 
This laboratory is supplied with full and complete apparatus for Gas Analysis, accord- 
ing to Bunsen's processes, as well as apparatus for some of the more rapid methods. 
Mixtures of gases are required to be analyzed by the students, within certain limits of 
error, and a written examination, on the theory and practice, is held at the close of the 
course. 

Assaying.' — The Assaying of ores by furnace assay, together with gold and silver 
bullion analysis, by processes practised in the United States Mint, is taught by lectures 
and practical work in the first term of the Junior year, nine hours of practical work per 
week being required. The course includes the assaying of ores of lead, tin, antimony, 
gold, silver and iron, coal, and gold and silver bullion. 

The Assaying Laboratory is supplied with large working tables, twenty-nine crucible 
and two iron furnaces, and eight muffle furnaces, with adjoining rooms for balances, and 
gold and silver bullion analysis. 

4 (l. E.) 



34 



A certain accuracy of results and a written examination as regards the theory and 
practice are required. 

Organic Chemistry. — The practical work in this subject is performed in the second 
term of the Junior and first term of the Senior years, fifteen hours during the former 
and twelve hours during the latter term being required, with conferences and recitations 
each week. The laboratory for this work is equipped similarly to the Quantitative 
Laboratory, in addition being supplied with steam heat, cold water and air blast upon 
the working tables, and a full supply of apparatus for the various determinations and 
experiments, including combustion furnaces, furnaces for heating sealed tubes, mercury 
pump, Hoffman's, Dumas' and Meyers' apparatus for vapor densities, nitrometers, 
chemical balances, etc. 

The course consists of determinations of specific gravities, melting points, boiling 
points, vapor densities, chlorine, bromine, iodine and sulphur of organic substances. 

Combustion analysis, nitrogen determination, fractional distillation, and the prepara- 
tion of several pure organic compounds and their analysis are included. 

Industrial Chemistry. — A course of lectures is delivered upon this subject in the 
second term of the Senior year, illustrated by experiments, diagrams, lantern pictures 
and specimens from the museum of Chemistry. The working laboratory for this subject 
contains an apparatus for making illuminating gas, an alcohol still, worm and doubler, 
and a complete working model of a sugar refinery, including filters, vacuum pan and 
centrifugal. In connection with this laboratory is a room containing a photometer and 
apparatus for determining the sulphur, ammonia and specific gravity of illuminating gas ; 
also a laboratory for the testing of alcoholic liquors, sugar, molasses, bone black, soap, 
petroleum, paints, dyes, superphosphates and other commercial products, with the neces- 
sary technical apparatus. The students make practical experiments in this direction, 
and, with an instructor, visit various industrial establishments in this neighborhood and 
in and around New York City. 

Toxicology. — A course of lectures on this subject is given in the first term of the 
Junior year, illustrated by experiments and by the large collection of specimens of 
poisons from the museum of chemistry. This is supplemented by a short course o£ 
laboratory work on some of the common poisons. 

Sanitary Chemistry. — During the second term of the Senior year, attention is given 
to the qualitative and quantitative examinations of air, water, food, disenfectants, and 
other subjects connected with this branch of the science. Special apparatus is provided 
for this work, as recommended by the best authorities on the subject. 

Photographic Chemistry. — Well equipped Photographic Laboratory and dark rooms 
are provided, in which the students of the chemical course receive practical instruction. 

Physiological Chemistry. — The examination of urine, blood, etc., receives a proper 
amount of attention. 

The course also includes instruction in physics, mineralogy, blowpipe analysis, 
metallurgy and geology, which are of great value to the chemist. 

In the last term of the senior year, the student is required to prepare a Thesis on 
some subject, selected by the Professor of Chemistry, involving practical work in the 
laboratory, in addition to the literary labor, each graduate thus making a contribution to 
the progress of the science, as a preliminary to the reception of his degree. 

The graduate of this course receiving the degree of Analytical Chemist. (A.C.) 

Students, not candidates for a degree, are admitted for special courses in chemistry,, 
of which they receive certificates. 

The Laboratories are under the immediate charge of the Professor and Instructors 
of Chemistry, and are open to the students from 8 o'clock a.m. to 6 o'clock p.m., includ- 
ing Saturdays. Students are at liberty to work in the Laboratories, beyond the required 
hours, as their time may permit. Students are charged for materials and apparatus con- 
sumed. 



35 



Freshman Class. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics. — Olney's University Algebra, Part III. Plane and Spherical Trigono- 
metry and Mensuration. Use of Logarithmic Tables. 

Chemistry. — Lectures and Laboratory Practice. Douglass and Prescott's Qualitative 
Analysis. 

German. — Grammar and Exercises (continued). Joyne's Otto's Reader. Transla- 
tions. Or French. — Grammar. Keetel's Reader. Translations. 

Stoichiometry. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Sophomore Glass. 
Eirst Term. 
Chemical Philosophy. — Cooke. 

Quantitative Analysis. — Eresenius' Quantitative Analysis. 
The following analyses are executed by the student : — 

1. Iron Wire (Fe) 

2. Potassium Dichromate (Cr 2 3 ) 

3. Barium Chloride (Ba, 01, H 2 0) 

4. Magnesium Sulphate (MgO, S0 3 , H 2 0) 

5. Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate (P 2 s ) 

6. Rochelle Salt (K 2 0, ISTa 2 0) 

7. Yolumetric Determination of Chlorine. 

8. Acidimetry (HOI, H 2 S0 4 , HN0 3 , HC 2 H 3 2 ) 

9. Alkalimetry (KOH, JSTaOH, NH 4 OH, Soda Ash, Pearl Ash) 

10. Chlorimetry (Bleaching Powders) 

Quantitative Analysis. — Conference. 

Physics. — Mechanics, Heat and Electricity. Lectures. 

German.— Grammar. Exercises. Translations. Reading. Or French. — Grammar^ 
Chardenal's Exercises. Readings. Translations. 

English. — Exercises and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Physics. — Sound, Light and Meteorology. Lectures. 

German. — Grammar. Exercises. Systematic Readings. Translations. Dictation. 
Or French. — Grammar. Dictation. Chardenal's Exercises. O'Connor: Choix de Contes, 
Contemporains. 

Quantitative Analysis. — Fresenius' Quantitative Analysis. 

The following analyses are executed by the student : — 

11. Copper Ore (Ou) 

12. Zinc Ore (Zn). By both Gravimetric and Yolumetric Methods. 

13. Lead Ore (Pb, S) 

14. Silver Coin (Au, Pb, Ag, Cu) 

15. Spiegeleisen (Mm) 



36 



16. Copper Alloys. (Complete Analysis.) 

17. Tlmenite (Ti0 2 ) 

18. Iron Ore (Complete Analysis) 

19. Limestone (Complete Analysis) 

20. Coal (Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Ash, H 2 0, S, P) 

21. Slag (Complete Analysis) 

Quantitative Analysis. — Conference. 

Blow-Pipe Analysis. — Lectures, with Practice. Plattner, Brush, or Nason and 
Chandler. 

Chemical Philosophy. 

Essays and Declamations. 

Gymnasium. 

Junior Glass. 

First Term. 
Toxicology. — -Lectures. 

Quantitative Analysis. — Fresenius' Quantitative Analysis. 
The following analyses are executed by the student : — 

22. Guano (NH 3 , P 2 5 , H 2 0) 

23. Clay (Complete Analysis) 

24. Manganese Ore (Mn0 2 ) 

25. Mineral Water (Complete Analysis) 

26. Pig Iron (Complete Analysis) 
•27. Nickel Ore (Ni, Co) 

28. Carbon in Steel (Volumetric) 

29. Gas Analysis. 

Quantitative Analysis. — Conference. 

Organic Chemistry. — Lectures and Recitations. 

Crystallography. — Lectures, with Practical Exercises in the Determination of 
Crystals. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Translation. Dictation. Compositions. Or 
French. — Translation. Readings. Contemporary authors. Saintsbury : Specimens of 
French Literature. Conversation Class in both languages optional. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Organic Chemistry. — Laboratory. 

Organic Chemistry. — Conference. 

Metallurgy. — Metallurgical Processes. Furnaces. Refractory Building Materials. 
Combustion. Natural and Artificial Fuels. Metallurgy of Iron. 

German. — Systematic Readings. Compositions in German. Lectures on German 
Literature. Or French. — Systematic Readings. Compositions. Lectures on French 
Literature. Conversation Class in both languages optional. 

Mineralogy. — Descriptive Mineralogy, with Prictical Exercises in the Determina- 
tion of Minerals. E. S. Dana. 

Essays and Original Orations. 

Gymnasium. 



37 

Senior Class. 
First Term. 

Metallurgy.— Oi Copper, Lead, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Mercury, Tin, Zinc, Nickel, 
Cobalt, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. 

Assaying. — Including the Assay by the dry methods of Gold, Silver, Antimony 2 
Lead, Iron and Tin ores, Coal, Gold and Silver Bullion and rich Lead. Ricketts. 

Organic Chemistry. — Laboratory. 

Organic Chemistry. — Conference. 

Geology. — Lithology, with Practical Exercises in Determining Rocks. 

Gymnasium. 

Second Term. 

Industrial Chemistry. — Lectures and Laboratory. 

Agricultural Chemistry. — Lectures. 

Sanitary Chemistry. — Laboratory. 

Geology. — Historic and Dynamic Geology. Lectures. Le Conte. 

Christian Evidences. — Lectures. 

Lectures on American and English Literature. 

Preparation of Thesis. 

Gymnasium. 

The Course in Electricity. 

This course was established to answer the growing demand for more extensive and 
thorough knowledge of the subject of Electricity and its application to Machines, Tele- 
graphy, Electric Lighting, etc. 

Instead of an extended department of Electrical Engineering, including full courses 
of Mathematics, Mechanics, Chemistry, etc., and extending over four years, it was 
thought best to offer for the present a course, occupying not more than one year and pre- 
senting very fully the purely electrical portion of an Electrical Engineering course, with 
only such outside branches as are absolutely necessary for the proper understanding of 
this single subject. 

First Term. 

Magnetism and Electricity. — Text-book (S. P. Thompson) and Lectures. Electrical 
Arithmetic (Day's). 

Mechanics. — (Laboratory work.) Precise measurements with beam-compass, spher- 
ometer, cathetometer, micrometers, etc. Testing balances. Specific gravities of solids, 
liquids and gases by all known methods, with balances, hydrometers, comparison of 
densities and cathetometer, etc.; with corrections for temperature and buoyancy of air, 
etc. Laws of gravity, with determinations by Atwood's machine, pendulum, etc. Elas- 
ticity ; Young's modulus by stretching, flexure and torsions, tenacity of wires, superficial 
tension of capillary tubes of different liquids. Work with mercurial and aneroid 
barometers, with all corrections and reductions, to freezing point, sea level, etc.; measure- 
ment of heights and levelling roads. 

Magnetism and Static Electricity. — (Laboratory work.) Making and testing per 
manent magnets. Verification of laws by Coulomb's torsion balance. Measurements of 
portative force, strength of pole, effects of heating, percussion, etc. Study of the distri- 
bution of magnetism and drawing magnetic curves. Investigation of local attraction, 
variation of magnetic needle and intensity of the earth's magnetism. 

Construction of electroscopes, condensers. Determination of electrical character of 
man y substances. Verification of laws of electrical attraction and repulsion. Measure- 



38 



ments of conductivity, electric density and capacity. Study of laws of Static induction, 
specific inductive capacity, etc., and of condensers. Analysis of machines, electrophorus, 
plate glass machines, Holtz's, etc. 

Meteorology. — Text-book (Loomis) and practice. Observations for one month as 
taken in the U. S. Signal Service stations ; with all the usual corrections and reductions 
construction of charts ; mapping curves, etc. 

Drawing. — Elementary Projections. Freehand Drawing. 

Second Term. 

Dynamic Machinery. — Text-book (S. P. Thompson) and lectures. 
Electric Lighting. — Text-book (Du Moncel) and lectures. 
Telegraph. — Lectures. 

Sound, Heat and Light. — (Laboratory work.) Determination of number of vibra- 
tions of notes with Siren, comparison of pitch of tuning forks. Determination of velo- 
city of sound in air. Verification of laws of vibrations of strings. Determination of 
absolute pitch of notes by the monochord and of wave lengths of notes by sensitive 
flames. Making and testing thermometers ; determinations of freezing and boiling points 
of different substances ; of coefficients of expansion of solids, liquids and gases ; of specific 
heat of bodies by the known methods and of latent heat of fusion and vaporization. 
Humidity by various methods. Verification of the laws of light. Photometry ; testing 
intensities of lights with Bunsen's, Rumford's, Foucault's and daylight photometers. 
Tests of absorptive power of different substances. Index of Refraction of unknown sub- 
stances by various methods. Measurements of focal lengths of lenses and mirrors. 
Construction of optical instruments, finding magnifying power, etc. Spectroscopic work ; 
ma Pping Frauenhofer lines ; identification of unknown substances in solution ; absorption 
spectra (solids and liquids) ; comparison of spectra ; mapping of spectra. Interference. 
DifI rac tion spectra. Construction of polariscopes ; laws of polarization by reflection and 
double refraction. Study of uniaxial and biaxial crystals. 

Dynamic Electricity. — (Laboratory work.) Setting up, use and care of all batteries 
in common use, Grove's, Daniel's, LeClanche's, Bichromate, Bunsen's, Smee's, Gravity, 
etc.; Secondary batteries, Plante's, Faure's. Construction of electro-magnets ; tests for 
portative force and strength of pole under varying conditions of current strength, size of 
wire, number of coils, length and diameter of cores, etc. Laws of currents. Electro- 
Dynamics. Testing thermo-electric batteries, Noe's and Clamond's. Electrolysis, elec- 
trotyping and electroplating. Making induction coils ; testing different orders of induced 
currents and extra currents. Similar study of magnetic induction. Analyses and tests 
of electro-magnetic and dynamic machines. Diamagnetism. 

Electrical Measurements. — (Labratory work.) Practical construction of instruments; 
sine, tangent and differential galvanometers, ammeters, voltameters, resistance coils, com- 
mutators, etc. Verification of Ohm's laws under varying conditions of electromotive 
force and external and internal resistance. Measurement of resistance of solid and liquid 
conductors in single and divided circuits ; and of eflects of change in temperature ; of 
internal resistance, electromotive force and current strength of voltaic batteries. Mea- 
surements of quantitative laws of electrolysis, comparisons of voltameters and galvano- 
meters. Testing electric lights, measurements of potential and incandescent 
lamps ; their resistance, hot and cold and ' amount of heat units given 
off. Photometric measurements of incandescent lamps ; Swan's, Lane- Fox's, 
Maxim's, Edison's, etc.; and of arc lamps, Weston's, Thompson-Houston's, etc. Spectro- 
scopic study of all these lights and mapping their spectra. 

Photographing the lines of force of the field magnets of various types and dynamos. 
Measurements of current strength, difference of potential and resistance of dynamos. 
Study of difterent plants and systems of dynamos by visits to manufactories and working 
Systems. 



39 



Telegraphic measurements ; measuring and testing lines for conductivity, insulation, 
location of faults, etc. 

Physical Culture. 

The Gymnasium is open morning, afternoon and evening, in all, 45 hours a week. 
Exercises in it is required of all students who are fitted to take it. Class drill with the 
Instructor and Individual exercise are prescribed. 

Diplomas and Certificates. 

The Diploma is given only to those who have passed all the examinations in a regular 
course and is signed by the President and Secretary of the Board of Trustees and by the 
Faculty of the University. For all the partial courses, a certificate, signed by the Presi- 
dent and the Secretary of the Faculty, is given , showing what the student has accom- 
plished. 

The University Library. 

The Library building was erected by the Founder of the University in 1877, at a 
cost of One Hundred Thousand Dollars, as a memorial of his daughter, Mrs. Lucy Packer 
Linderman, and during the same year more than Twenty Thousand Dollars were contri- 
buted by her family and friends, as a memorial fund for the purchase of books. By the 
will of the Founder of the University a fund of 1500,000 has been given for the perma- 
nent endowment of the Library. 

The building is semi-circular in plan, with a handsome facade in the Venetian style of 
architecture. It is constructed of Potsdam sandstone with granite ornamentation. In 
the interior, the centre is occupied as a reading space, fifty by forty feet, from which 
radiate the book cases, extending from floor to ceiling ; two galleries affording access to 
the upper cases. Shelf room is now provided for one hundred and sixty thousand vol- 
umes. The building is thoroughly fireproof, well lighted, and heated by steam. 

Sixty-seven thousand volumes are now upon the shelves, including many extremely 
valuable works. The list of periodicals numbers about one hundred and twenty-five, 
embracing as far as possible all departments of knowledge. 

The Library is conducted strictly for consultation, and is open to the use of the 
public ; both of which conditions are in accord with the terms of the gift. 

Observatory. 

By the liberality of Robert H. Sayre, Esq., one of the Trustees of the University, an 
Astronomical Observatory was erected on the University grounds, and placed under the 
charge of the Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. 

In the dome of the Observatory is mounted an Equatorial Telescope, of six inches 
aperture, by Alvin Olark & Sons. The west wing contains a superior Sidereal Clock, by 
Wm. Bond & Sons ; a Zenith Telescope, by Blunt, and a Field Transit, by Stackpole. 
There is also a Prismatic Sextant, by Pistor & Martins. 

Students in Practical Astronomy receive instruction in the use of the instruments 
and in actual observation. 

The grounds upon which the Observatory stands, consisting of seven acres of land 
adjoining the original grant, was presented to the University by Charles Brodhead, Esq., 
of Bethlehem. 

An advanced course in Astronomy and the higher Analysis has been established, 
requiring two years for its completion. It is adapted to the attainments of the graduates 
of this University, but is open to any one who may be prepared to pursue it. 

This course embraces the following subjects : 

First Year. — Spherical Astronomy. Theory of Instruments. Method of Least 
Squares. Numerical Calculus. 

Second Year. — Celestial Mechanics. Interpolation and Quadrature. Computation 
of Orbits and Perturbations. 

During the entire course the student will have ample opportunity to familiarize 
himself with the practical work of the Observatory and Computing Room. 



40 



The University Museum. 

In addition to the large collection illustrating all branches of Industrial Chemistry, 
the Museum includes collections in Metallurgy, Geology, Zoology and Archaeology. 

The Metallurgical Cabinet already includes specimens illustrating the various pro- 
cesses for obtaining the more common metals. 

The Zoological Cabinet includes the Werner collection of nearly all the types of' 
American birds with their nests and eggs, and the Packer collection of recent shells. 

The Geological Cabinet numbers over ten thousand specimens and includes the 
Palaeontological, Mineralogical, Petrographic and Economic collections. The former con- 
tains good specimens of nearly all the common genera. The Mineralogical division 
includes the Keim and Koepper collections — the latter being especially complete and 
valuable from a crystallographic standpoint. The Petrographic division numbers several 
thousand specimens and besides including numerous varieties of nearly all the rocks of 
the globe, contains a duplicate set from the collection of the Second Geological Survey of 
this State. The Economic division was formed and donated by Dr. James P. Kimball. 
Director of the Mint, and formerly Professor of Economic Geology. 

The Cummings Archselogical Cabinet numbers three thousand specimens and includes 
Dr. Stubbs' collection of Indian relics, weapons and utensils. 

Theses. 

Theses on the following subjects were prepared by the graduating class of 1887 : — 

" A Theoretical and Practical Investigation of Railroad Rail- Joints." 

11 An Examination of the Zinc Blende from Friedensville, Pa." 

11 Design of a Boiler for a Passenger Locomotive." 

"Plan and Estimate for a Water Supply for the Lehigh University." 

" Comparison of Two Types of Steam Fire-Engines." 

" Ruskin on the Labor Question." 

" Steam Heating." 

" The Three-Point Problem and its Application to the Finding of a Lost Station." 

11 Friction." 

" Design of Pumping Engines for the City of Scranton." 

11 Discussion of the Errors in Precise Levelling." 

" Discussion of the Precision of the Sseginuller Solar Attachment." 

" Design of a Direct- Acting Steam Pump." 

"The Drainage of the Borough of Bethlehem, with a Plan for the Improvement of 
the Streets." 

11 Review of the New Sewage System of the City of Chicago." 

" Design of a Roof Truss of 100 Feet Span." 

" Design and Estimate of Cost for an Impounding Reservoir on Mill Run, near 
Altoona, Pa." 

" The Fireless Locomotive." 

"Plan and Estimate for a Suburban Bailroad for Washington, D.C." 

" Design and Estimate for a Cable Railway for Bethlehem." 

"An Investigation of the Easton and South Easfcon Suspension Foot-Bfldge." 

"An Experimental Investigation of the Stiffening Girders of Suspension Bridges." 

" The Practical Determination of an Azimuth." 

"Design of a Machine for Binding Books." 

" On the Solubility of the Oxides of the Common Metals in Water Glass." 

u The Flow of Water over Weirs, with a Discussion of the Experiments made by the- 
Class of 1887 on the Weir in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Lehigh University." 

" The Geology of the Salem Coal Basin, Shickshinny, Pa." 

" Discussion of Recent Experiments on Friction." 

" The Preparation of Anthracite Coal, with a Review of the Deringer Breaker.'' 

" Blow Holes in Bessemer Steel Castings." 

" Review of the Water Supply of Allentown, Pa." 

" Design of a Boring Machine for Large Cylinders." 



41 



The following list of the Alumni of the Lehigh University shows the positions gained 
by them on the line of their professional training : — 

Charles E. Ronaldson, M. E., Engineer Siemen's Regenerative Gas Furnace, Phila- 
delphia. 

Miles Rock, C.E., Chief of the Boundary Commission of Guatemala with Mexico 
San Jose, Guatemala. 

Harry R. Price, C.E., Mining Engineer, Pottsville, Pa. 

John M. Thome, C. E., Director National Astronomical Observatory, Cordova, 
Argentine Republic. 

J. N. Barr, M.E., Mechanical Engineer, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R.R. 

George P. Bland, O.E., Civil Engineer, Philadelphia. 

Henry St. L. Coppee, C.E., U.S. Assistant Engineer, Vicksburg Harbor, Yicksburg, 
Miss. 

F. R. C. Degenhart, A.C., Chemist, Havemeyer Sugar Refining Co., New York. 

Harvey S. Houskeeper, B.A., Instructor in Physics, Lehigh University. 

L. E. Klotz, C.E., Contractor for Crellin & Klotz, Mauch Chunk, Pa. 

O. M. Lance, A.C., Superintendent Plymouth Water and Gas Companies, Luzerne 
Co., Pa. 

R. Floresta de Miranda, C. E., Division Engineer, San Francisco R. R., Province of 
Bahia, Brazil. 

James S. Polhemus, C.E., U.S. Assistant Engineer, Harbor Improvements, New- 
port, Benton Co., Oregon. 

J. P. S. Lawrance, M. E., Passed Assistant Engineer U. S. Navy, Office of Naval 
Intelligence, Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. 

C. W. Haines, A. M., (Haverford,) C. E., Ass't Astronomer, National Observatory, 
Cordova, Argentine Republic. 

W. D. Hartshorn e, C.E., Superintendent Arlington Mills, Lawrence, Mass. 

W. M. Rees, C.E., Engineer Corps, Government Improvement of Mississippi River, 
Memphis, Tenn. 

Charles J. Bechdolt, C. E., Supervisor, Monongahela Division P. R. R., Monon- 
gahela, Pa. 

Antonio M. Canadas, A.C., Chemist, Loja, Ecuador. 

W. A. Lathrop, C. E., Superintendent Snow Shoe Division, L. V. Coal Co., Snow 
Shoe, Pa. 

A. E. Meaker, C. E., Instructor in Mathematics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 

Francis S. Pecke, C. E., Contractor's Engineer and Superintendent, B. & 0. R. R., 
Darley, Delaware Co., Pa. 

E. H. Williams, Jr., B. A., (Yale) A. C, E. M., Professor of Mining and Geology, 
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 

J. D. Carson, C. E., General Manager, C. & W. I. R. R. Co., and Belt R. R. Co., 
Chicago, 111. 

William Griffith, C.E., Assistant Geologist, Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Room 
45, Coal Exchange, Scranton, Pa. 

C. W. MacFarlane, C. E. Superintendent Foundry, William Sellers & Co., Phila- 
delphia. 

R. W. Mahon, C.E., Ph.D., Chemical Manufacturer, 110 Arch Street, Camden, N.J. 

J. J. de Malcher, M.E., Naval Officer, Custom House, Para, Brazil. 

Col. W. P. Rice, C.E., U.S. Assistant Engineer, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Henry Richards, E. M., Mining Engineer, Trabo Mine, Dover, N.J. 

L. W. Richards, M. E., Superintendent of Steel Department, Chester Rolling Mills, 
Thurlow, Pa. 

Henry S. Jacoby, C.E., Instructor in Civil Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethle- 
hem, Pa. 



42 



James F. Marstellar, C. E., Assistant Superintendent L. V. Coal Co., Snow Shoe 
Division, Snow Shoe, Pa. 

Seizo Miyahara, C.E., Interior Department, Tokio, Japan. 

Lewis T. Wolle, C. E., Assistant to Chief Engineer Union Pacific R. W., Omaha, 
Neb. 

Frank P. Howe, B.A., (Brown) E.M., President and General Manager North Branch 
Steel Co., Treasurer Mahoning Rolling Mill Co., Danville, Pa. 

Benjamin B. Nostrand, Jr., M. E., U. S. Electric Lighting Co., New York. 

Milnor P. Paret, C.E., Division Engineer, C. & R. R. R., Oakley, 0. 

H. F. J. Porter, M.E., Superintendent, Columbia College, New York. 

Robert H. Reed, B.A., Room 91, Division Electricity, U.S. Patent Office, Washing- 
ton, D.C. 

Henry C. Wilson, C. E., Chief Clerk and Consulting Engineer, U. S. Eng. Office, 
. Custom House, St. Louis, Mo. 

J. S. Cunnigham, M.E., Superintendent for Receiver Everett Iron Co., Everett, Pa. 

J. H. Paddock, M.E., Chief Engineer, H. C. Frick Coke Co., Scottdale, Pa. 

F. W. Sargent, C. E., Engineer of Tests, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., 
Aurora, HI. 

R. H. Tucker, Jr., C.E., Assistant Astronomer, National Astronomical Observatory, 
Cordova, Argentine Republic. 

Abram Bruner, E.M., Assistant Engineer, Superintendent's Office, Eastern Division, 
Pa. Co., Allegheny, Pa. 

Murray Morris Duncan, A. C, E. M., Superintendent Roane Iron Co., Rock wood, 
Tenn. 

John Tinsley Jeter, E. M., Mining Engineer, L.V. Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa 

Charles Francis King, A.C., Chemist, Penn. Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. 

Fred Putnam Spalding, C. E., Instructor in Civil Engineering, Lehigh University, 
Bethlehem, Pa. 

Benjamin Russell Van Kirk, M. E., Draftsman* Baldwin Locomotive Works, Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

William Simon Cranz, A.C., Analytical Chemist, Tuscon, Arizona. 
Thomas Morgan Eynon, Jr., M. E., Assistant Superintendent Diamond Slate Co., 
Wilmington, Del. 

Benjamin Franklin Haldeman, E.M. Chemist, Cambria Iron Co., Johnstown, Pa. 

Louis Oscar Emmerich, E.M., Resident Engineer E. Sugarloaf Colleries, Stockton, Pa. 

Elmer Henry Lawall, C.E., Engineer, Beaver Brook Estate, Audenried, Pa. 

Robert Thomas Morrow, Jr., C. E., Supervisor and Assistant Train Master, Lewis- 
burg & Tyrone R.R., a Division of the Pennsylvania R.R., Lewisburg, Pa. 

Eugene Rickseeker, C.E., Topographer in charge U. S. Geological Survey, Washing- 
ton, D.C. 

Francis Wharton Dalrymple, C.E., Division Engineer, Delaware Division N.Y.L.E. 
& W. R. R., Port Jervis, N.Y. 

George Francis Duck, E.M., Instructor in Mining, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 
Alfred Edmund Forstall, M. E., Assistant to General Manager Chicago Gas Light 
and Coke Co., Chicago, 111. 

George Gowen Hood, C.E,, Engineer, Cambria Iron Co., Atkins Tank, Smyth Co., Va. 
Julian de Bruyn Kops, B.E., C.E., Assistant City Surveyor, Savannah, Ga. 
Preston Albert Lambert, B.A., Instructor in Mathematics, Lehigh University. 



43 



Edwin Francis Miller, M. E., Instructor in Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh Uni- 
versity, Bethlehem, Pa. 

Thomas Nicholson, Jr., M. E., Engineer Johnson Frog and Switch Oo., Chester, Pa. 
George Spencer Patterson, E. M., Engineer, Union Improvement Co., Mahanoy 
City, Pa. 

Henry Allebach Porterfield, E. M., Assistant Engineer of Tests, Cambria Iron Co., 
Johnstown, Pa. 

Jesse Wilfred Reno, E.M., Mining Engineer and Metallurgist, Boston, Mass. 
Charles Loomis Rogers, M.E., Engineer, N. Y. C. & H. R R. R. 

Robert Grier Cooke, B. A., Principal Preparatory Class, for Lehigh University, 
Moravian Parochial School, Bethlehem, Pa. 

Henry Bowman Douglass, E. M., Assistant Superintendent, Roane Iron Co., Rock- 
wood, Tenn. 

John Andrew Jardine, E.M., Assistant Superintendent, in charge of Blast Furnaces, 
Monto Alto Iron Co., Monto Alto, Franklin Co., Pa. 

James Warner Kellogg, M. E., Engineer's Office, Kansas City, Springfield and 
Memphis R.R. Co., Springfield, Mo. 

Joseph Franklin Merkle, C.E., Assistant to Geologist and Engineer of the Fuel Gas 
and Elec. Eng. Co., (Limited), Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Harry Krider Myers, C. E., Resident Engineer and Superintendent, Houtz Heirs' 
Estate, Houtzdale, Pa. 

Richard Washington Walker, C.E., Assistant Engineer Guatemala Boundary, Survey 
with Mexico, Guatemala, C.A. 

James Angus Watson, C.E., Assistant Supervisor Northern Central Railway, Union 
Station, Baltimore, Md. 

Irving Andrew Heikes, E.M., Chemist and Mining Engineer, Magnetic Iron Ore Co., 

Carthage. N.Y. 

David Kirk Nicholson, M.E., Asst. Supt. of the Rail, Universal and Blooming Mills, 
Penna. Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. 

Fayette Brown Petersen, C.E., Instructor in Metallurgy, Lehigh University. 
Clarence Moncure Tolman, M. E., Engineer, Armington & Sims' Engine Co., 38 
Carpenter Street, Providence, R.I. 

Frederick William Fink, C. E., Engineering Department, Union Pacific Railway, 
Omaha, Neb. 

Robert Caldwell Gotwald, C.E., Missouri Pacific Railroad, Nebraska City, Mo. 

William Anthony Lydon, B. M., Assistant Engineer Department of Public Works, 
Chicago, 111. 

Joseph William Richards, A.C., Instructor Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 

George Mann Richardson, A.C., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 

George Arthur Ruddle, B.Ph., Instructor, Selwyn Hall, Reading, Pa. 

John Selmar Siebert, C. E., Assistant Engineers' Office, Pennsylvania Railroad Oo. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 

John Henry Spengler, C. E., Construction Department, Chicago, Sante Fe <fe Cali- 
fornia Railway Co., 721 Rialto Building, Chicago, 111. 

Theodore Stevens, B. M., Assistant Chemist, Cowles Electric Smelting & Aluminum 
Co., Lockport, N.Y. 

Charles Austin Buck, AC, Assistant Chemist, Bethlehem Iron Co., South Bethle* 
hem, Pa. 



44 



Benjamin Amos Cunningham, C. E., Chief Engineer's Office, L. V. R. R., Mauch 
Chunk, Pa. 

Alfred Doolittle, B. A., Instructor in Ulrich's Preparatory School for Lehigh Uni- 
versity, Bethlehem, Pa. 

John Myers Howard, M.E., care Assistant Engineer, P.R.R., Harrisburg, Pa. 

Evan Turner Reisler, C.E., Engineer Corps, Delaware Division, N.Y., L.E. & W.R. 
R. Co., Port Jarvis, N. Y. 

Edward Power Yan Kirk, E.M., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 

The number of Graduates is 252, of whom there are 23 who have taken the Degree 
of B.A. ; 7 of B.Ph. ; 99 of C.E. ; 51 of M.E. ■ 24 of E.M. ; 25 of A.C. ; 13 of B. M. ; 8 
of B.S. ; 2 who have taken the two degrees of A.C. and E.M. ; 1 who has taken both B.S. 
and C.E. ; 5 who have taken B.M. and E.M. ; 1 who has taken 0. E. and E. M. ; and 1 
who has taken B.M., A.C, and E.M. 



45 



COLUMBIA COLLEGE (SCHOOL OF MINES). 



The Faculty of the School of Mines of Columbia College, New York City, consists 
of fourteen professors and thirty instructors, as follows : — 

Frederick A. P. Barnard, S.T.D.. LL.D., L.H.D., D.C.L., President. 

Professors. 

Charles F. Chandler, Ph.D., M.D., LL.D., Chemistry. Dean of the Faculty. 
William G. Peck, Ph.D., LL.D., Mechanics. 
William P. Trowbridge, Ph.D., LL.D., Engineering. 
William E. Ware, B.S., Architecture. 

John K. Rees, A.M., E.M., Geodesy and Practical Astronomy. Director of the 
Observatory. 

Elwyn Waller, A.M., E.M., Ph.D., Analytical Chemistry. 

Henry S. Munroe, E.M., Ph.D., Surveying and Practical Mining (adjunct). 

Frederick R. Hutton, C.E., Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering (adjunct). 

Thomas Egleston, E.M., Ph.D., LL.D., Mineralogy and Metallurgy. 

J. Howard Van Amringe, A.M., Ph.D., Mathematics. 

Ogden N. Rood, A.M., Physics. 

John S. Newberry, M.D., LL.D., Geology and Palaeontology. 

Pierre DePeyster Ricketts, E.M., Ph.D., Assaying. 

Jasper T. Goodwin, A.M., LL.B., Mathematics (adjunct). 

Instructors. 

John S. Billings, M.D., Lecturer on Hygiene and Sanitary Science. 

James S. C. Wells, Ph.D., Instructor in Qualitative Analysis. 

Alexis A. Julien, A.M., Ph.D., Instructor in Biology and Miscroscopy. 

Alfred J. Moses, E.M., Instructor in Mineralogy and Metallurgy. 

James L. Greenleaf, C.E., Instructor in Engineering and Drawing. 

Charles E. Colby, E.M., C.E., Instructor in Organic Chemistry. 

Ferdinand G. Weichmann, Ph.D., Instructor in Chemical Philosophy and Chemical 
Physics. 

Nathaniel L. Britton, E.M., Ph.D., Instructor in Botany. 

Alfred D. F. Hamlin, M. A., Instructor in Architecture. 

Louis H. Laudy, Ph.D., Assistant in General Chemistry. Assistant Instructor in 
Applied Chemistry. 

William W. Share, Ph.D., Assistant in Physics. 

Ralph E. Mayer, C.E., Assistant in Drawing. 

Ira H. Woolson, E.M., Assistant in Drawing. 

Charles B. Laraway, Assistant in Natural History. 

Henry C. Bowen, Fellow in Chemistry. Assistant Instructor in Quantitative 
Analysis. 

Herman T. Vulte, Ph.D., Fellow in Chemistry. Assistant Instructor in Qualitative 
Analysis. 

Thomas Ewing, Jr., A.M., Fellow in Physics. 

Joseph Struthers, Jr., Ph.B., Fellow in Mineralogy. 

Frederick J. H. Merrill, Ph.B., Fellow in Geology. 

William H. Stuart, O.E., Fellow in Engineering, and Honorary Fellow in 
Mathematics. 

John I. Northrop, E.M., Fellow in Geology. 

George H. Gilman, A.B., Fellow in Physics. 



46 



Frank Dempster Sherman, Ph.B., Fellow in Architecture. 
Lea Mel Luquer, C.E., Fellow in Mineralogy. 

Francis M. Simonds, E.M., Fellow in Chemistry. Assistant Instructor in Assaying. 
Elihu D. Church, Jr., E.M., Honorary Fellow in Qualitative Analysis. 
Charles E. Pellew, E.M., Honorary Fellow in Sanitary Engineering and Bac- 
teriology. 

Roland G. Rood, Ph.B., Honorary Fellow in Physics. 

Lewis H. Rutherford, E.M., Honorary Fellow in Practical Mining. 

Frederic W. Tower, E.M., Honorary Fellow in Engineering 

George F. Fisher, Registrar. 

Robert M. Ricketts, Assistant Registrar. 



COURSES OF STUDY, ADMISSION, ETC. 

The system of instruction includes seven parallel courses of study, viz : 

I. Mining Engineering. 
II. Civil Engineering, 
III. Metallurgy. 
IY. Geology and Palaeontology. 
Y. Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 
YI. Architecture. 
YII. Sanitary Engineering. 

At the beginning of the first year, each student must elect which of the seven 
courses he intends to pursue, and must thenceforth abide by his election unless permitted 
by the faculty to make a change. v 

No student is. allowed to pursue more than one course at a time. -» 

The plan of instruction includes lectures and recitations in the several departments 
of study; practice in the chemical, mineralogical, blowpipe, and metallurgical laboratories; 
field and underground surveying; practice and study in mines, mills, machine shops, 
and foundries; projects, estimates, and drawings for the^working of mines and for the 
construction of metallurgical, chemical, and other works ; reports on mines, industrial 
establishments, and field geology. 

The course of instruction occupies four years. 

There is an advanced course for graduates. 

The method of instruction is such that every pupil may acquire a thorough theo- 
retical knowledge of each branch, of which he is required to give evidence, at the close of 
the session, by writen and oral examinations. At the commencement of the following 
year he is required to show, from reports of works visited, that he understands not only 
the theoretical principles of the subjects treated, but also their practical application — a 
point that is insisted on with great rigor. 

Admission to the Regular Courses. 

Candidates for admission to the first class, at its formation, must be of the age of 
eighteen years, complete; and for admission to advanced standing, there will be required 
a corresponding increase of age. 

Candidates for the first class must pass a satisfactory examination : — 

In arithmetic,, including the metric system of weights and measures. 

In geometry, on the nine books of Davies' Legendre. 

In algebra, on the first ten chapters of Peck's Manual of Algebra. 

In physics, on the equivalent of Ganot's smaller treatise (Peck's Ganot's Natural 
Philosophy). 

In chemistry of the non-metallic elements, on the equivalent to what is contained 
between pages 131 and 274 in Fownes' Manual of Chemistry, 12th edition. 



47 



In German, on the general principles of the German grammar, including an ability 
to read Das Buch der Natur, Physik, Chemie, by F. Schoedler. 

In French, on the general principles of the French grammar, including an ability to 
read Simples Lectures sur les Sciences, by M. Garrigues ; revised by B. de Movel, Paris. 

In English grammar, on the equivalent of Quackenbos's English grammar. 

In composition and rhetoric, on the equivalent of Quackenbos's Course of Composi- 
tion and Bhetoric. 

In history, on the equivalent of Thompson's History of England and Doyle's 
History of the United States as contained in Freeman's Historical Course for schools. 

In physical geography, on the equivalent of Appleton's or Guyot's Physical Geo- 
graphy. 

In free-hand drawing, including the ability to sketch, both in outline and with 
proper shading, ordinary objects such as a tree, a house, a simple piece of machinery, a 
piece of flat ornament from a copy, a group of geometrical solids, etc. 

In book-keeping, on a knowledge of double entry so far as relates to the keeping of 
ordinary accounts in cash-book, day-book, and ledger, and the making out of correspond- 
ing balance sheets. 

An applicant may, at the appointed entrance examinations of one year, be examined 
in portions of the above subjects that are complete in themselves, e.g., arithmetic, 
algebra or, geometry, English grammar, composition and rhetoric, history, etc., and 
finish his examinations in the requirements for admission at the entrance examinations 
of the year following. 

Graduates of colleges presenting a diploma for the bachelor's degree will not be held 
to examinations for admission upon arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, 
chemistry, English grammar, composition and rhetoric, American and English history, 
and physical geography. 

Graduates and students of colleges and schools of science, who shall have completed 
so much of the course as shall be equivalent to the requirements for admission, may be 
admitted at the beginning of the second year, or earlier, without examination, on pre- 
senting diplomas or certificates of good standing and honorable dismissal satisfactory to 
the examining officers. 

Candidates for advanced standing must pass a satisfactory examination upon the 
studies named above, and also upon those pursued by the class which they purpose to 
enter. 

Candidates for admission after the opening of a term will be required to pass satis- 
factory examinations on the part of the course already gone over by the class for which 
they are applicants. 

No candidates are admitted later in the course than the beginning of the third year. 

Fees and Necessary Expenses. 

1. Each student must pay a fee of five dollars before matriculation in each year, and 
such fee must be paid by the applicant for admissson before examination ; and in case 
the examination is held at a time not appointed in previous public announcements, the 
fee required is ten dollars. 

In the case of an applicant who completes his examination for admission at the 
appointed entrance examinations of two successive years, but one fee of five dollars is 
required. 

2. The annual tuition fee is two hundred dollars, payable one half on the first day 
of each session. 

3. Every student admitted to ^,n extra examination, in anticipation of the time 
regularly appointed, or in consequence of failure to attend or to perform satisfactorily 
at any intermediate or concluding annual examination throughout the course, is required 
to pay a fee of five dollars before being admitted to such examination. 

4. Every candidate for the degree of engineer of mines, or for the degree of civil 
engineer, or metallurgical engineer, or bachelor of philosophy, or bachelor of architecture, 



48 



is required to pay a fee of twenty-five dollars before being admitted to the final 
examination. 

5. Every candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy is required to pay a fee of 
thirty-five dollars before entering the examination for such degree. 

(4 and 5 are not applicable to students who entered the school prior to January 1, 
1883, but such students are held to the payment of five dollars for a diploma.) 

6. The necessary expenses of a student are — 

Board, including room-rent, fire and light, and washing, from $6.50 to $1U per 

week. 
Matriculation fee, $5. 
Annual tuition fees, $200. 
Text books about $15 for the first class, $30 for the second class, $50 for the third 

class, and $20 for the fourth class. 
Drawing materials $15 to $25 for each of the first and second classes, and $5 to 

$10 for each of the others. 
* Laboratory apparatus (for students who take laboratory courses), $30 to $60 for 

each of the four years. 
During the vacation at the close of the second year, travelling and board for 

summer class in field surveying (for students in the courses of engineering, 

metallurgy, and geology), $60 to $80. 
During the vacation at the close of the third year, travelling and board for summer 

class in practical mining (for students in the courses of mining engineering 

and metallurgy), $75 to $100, and for summer class in practical geodesy (for 

students in the course of civil engineering), $60 to $80. 
Graduation (final examination), $25. 

7. The fees required for graduates of the school, attending the school, but not 
candidates for a degree, are as follows : 

1. Matriculation fee $5 

2. Full, fee, entitling the student to all the privileges of the school, 

per annum 150 

3. For the use of the cabinets 25 

4. For attendance on lecture-room and other special instruction, per 

annum for each hour per week of such instruction 25 

Or for any number of hours per week as above specified 150 

5. For the use of the drawing academy - 25 

6. For the use of the laboratories or either of them 50 

Should the amount of fees, exclusive of the matriculation fee, payable by any student 
not exceed $100, the entire amount is payable at the beginning of the academic year, or 
at the matriculation of the student, Should the amount exceed $100, payment is 
required in two equal instalments, one at the beginning of each session of the 
academic year. 

Graduates who are candidates for degrees must pay $150, irrespective of the number 
of hours of weekly attendance, and for examination, 

For degree of doctor of philosophy $35 

For other degrees 25 

In the summer school of chemistry the fees for instruction, use of laboratories and 
chemicals, is $50 for the three months, or $20 for each month or part of a month. 

Free Tuition. 

It is the desire of the trustees to extend, as widely as possible, the educational advan- 
tages of the college to deserving young men. Free tuition is therefore offered to such, 
under the conditions specified below. 



49 



Candidates for free tuition must fulfil the following conditions : 

1. The applicant must present a certificate from some person or persons of good 
repute, stating — 

That his circumstances are such that he cannot pay the tuition fee ; 

That he is of good moral character and studious habits ; 

That the writer is not a relative. 

A proper blank will be furnished on application to the registrar. 

2. He must exhibit a proficiency in every subject of examination for admission 
expressed by the number 6 of a scale of which 10 is the maximum. (Conditioned students 
will not receive free tuition.) 

3. He must maintain, subsequent to his admission, a standing in scholarship in every 
department of study expressed by the number 7, or an average standing in all depart- 
ments expressed by the number 8, of a similar scale, with no deficiency in any department, 
failing which he will forfeit his privilege. He will also forfeit his privilege should he be 
found deficient in any department at the end of the year. 

4. Free students are not exempt from the payment of the fees for matriculation, for 
extra examinations, and for graduation. 

This provision for free tuition, does not apply to special students in the summer 
school in chemistry. 

Apparatus Supplies. 

I. Students may purchase apparatus of any of the dealers in the city. 

II. To avoid inconvenience and expense to the students, and to secure a proper 
selection, the school undertakes, at considerable trouble and expense, to lend apparatus 
on the following conditions : 

1. Each student engaged in laboratory work must make a deposit of $40 with the 
registrar, which deposit will be credited to him on the ledger. 

2. Each such student will be entitled, on presenting his receipt at the apparatus 
room, to draw the regular set of apparatus for qualitative, quantitative, or organic 
analysis, for assaying, for miscroscopy, or for bacteriology, according to his deposit, and 
from time to time to obtain ordinary articles which he may need, and these will be charged 
to him. At the end of the session he will be credited with those articles which he returns 
in good order, and the value of those which he has injured or broken will be deducted 
from his deposit. 

3. The apparatus room will be open for issuing apparatus every day at convenient 
hours. 

4. No charge is made for ordinary chemicals. 

Excursions. 

During the session the students may visit the different machine shops and metal- 
lurgical establishments of the city and its environs. 

During the vacations following the close of each year memoirs on subjects which 
will be assigned are required of students as follows : — Of all students at the close of the 
first year ; of students in the courses of analytical and applied chemistry, and of architec- 
ture at the close of the second year ; of students in all courses, except that of metallurgy, 
at the close of the third year. The time specified for the completion and handing in of 
engineering memoirs is the second Monday in October in each year ; for other memoirs 
the specified time is November 1st. 

During the vacation following the close of the second year, students in the courses 
of engineering may join a volunteer class in practical mechanical engineering, under the 
supervision of the adjunct professor of mechanical engineering. 

During the latter part of the vacation at the close of the second year, students in 
the courses of mining and civil engineering, metallurgy, geology, and sanitary engineering, 
5 (T.E.) 



50 



are required to join the summer class in surveying, under the direction of the adjunct 
professor of surveying and practical mining. 

During the vacation following the close of the third year, students in the courses of 
mining engineering and metallurgy are required to visit mines or engage in actual work 
or study, under the superintendence of the adjunct professor of surveying and practical 
mining. 

During the vacation following the close of the third year, students in the course of 
civil engineering are required to attend a summer class in geodesy for six weeks. The 
class is under the supervision of the professor of geodesy and practical astronomy. 

Scholastic Year. 

The year is divided into two sessions : the first commences on the first Monday in 
October ; the second, on- the first or second Thursday of February. The lectures close on 
the Friday of the fourth week before commencement. 

Examinations. 

There are two examinations every year, one commencing on the last Monday in 
January, and the other on the Monday of the third week preceding commencement. The 
former embraces such subjects only as have been completed during the first session. The 
latter is the final examination in each department of all the classes for the year. 

In addition to the examinations above noted, examinations are held monthly, or 
oftener, in all the classes and in every department for the purpose of ascertaining the 
proficiency of the students in their respective studies. 

Commencement and Vacation. 

The annual commencement is held on the second Wednesday in June, on which 
occasion degrees are publicly conferred. 

The summer vacation extends from the day of commencement until the first Monday 
in October, on which latter day the regular course of study commences. 



BY-LAWS. 

Entrance Conditions. 

1. Students admitted conditionally must satisfy all conditions within two months of 
the date of their admission, unless the time be extended by vote of the faculty. 

2. Students who fail to satisfy their entrance conditions, within the time specified, 
will be dropped from the roll. 

Attendance. 

3. Prompt attendance is required upon all the exercises of the school. Each instance 
of tardiness will be counted as half an absence. 

4. Attendance during all the hours specified on the scheme of attendance adopted by 
the faculty is obligatory. 

5. Any student who shall have been absent from more than ten per cent, of the 
exercises in any subject shall not be entitled to examination in that subject. 

6. Any student who, being present at the school, shall absent himself from any 
exercise, or shall leave the grounds during the hours at which his attendance is due, 
shall be liable to removal from the roll of his class. 

7. Students are required to attend all the exercises and pass all the examinations 
of the class and course to which they belong, unless specially excused by vote of the 
faculty. 



51 



8. Every student who repeats a year is required to fill up his time either with the 
studies of the year which he is repeating or with studies of some other year, subject to 
the approval of the faculty. 

9. By special permission of the faculty students may attend exercises not required 
in the class or course to which they belong, provided that such attendance does not inter-, 
fere with the required exercises of their class and course. Such students are held to the- 
same rules of attendance and examination in the extra studies as in the required studies 
of their class and course. 

10. Students who obtain, on examination, a mark of eight or more in any subject 
may be excused from attendance upon the exercises in that subject. This rule to apply 
to new students and also to those who repeat the studies of any year. Eeports of such 
standing must be filed with the dean of the faculty who alone is authorized to excuse 
students from attendance. 

11. Any student who shall have passed a satisfactory examination in the School of 
Arts of Columbia College, in any study forming a part of the regular course of the School 
of Mines, will not be required to pursue that study in the school. 

Examinations. 

12. Examinations will be held each month on all subjects taught in the school. 

13. Examinations will be held at the end of the first term (semi-annual), or at the end 
of the year (annual), on all subjects taught in the school. 

14. Any student found guilty of fraudulent practices at examination will be sum 
marily dismissed from the school. 

15. No student who absents himself from a regular examination is allowed to proceed 
with his class without a special vote of the faculty. 

16. Any student who shall fail to pass in any of his studies at the regular semi- 
annual or annual examination may present himself for a second examination during the 
last week of the summer vacation. Failing to pass in this second examination his name 
will be dropped from the roll of his class ; but he may enter the succeeding class, and 
present himself with that class for a third examination, failing in which his name will be 
dropped from the roll of the school. 

17. Examinations at times other than here designated are not held except by order 
of the faculty. 

18. No student deficient in mathematics will be permitted to go on with his class. 

19. No student pursuing the course of analytical and applied chemistry, deficient in 
any chemical subject, will be permitted to go on with his class. 

20. Students deficient in any other department will not be allowed to go on with 
their classes without a special vote of the faculty. 

21. Deficient students of the second or third year will not be allowed to attend any 
summer school except the summer school in chemistry, without special permission of the 
faculty. 

22. No student is entitled to a degree until he has passed satisfactory examinations 
in all the studies of the course in which he desires to graduate. 

23. When a student fails to receive his degree with his class, and returns at some 
latter period to present himself for examination for the same, he will be required to 
comply with all the requirements at the later date, and the same rule shall apply to 
students who have received one degree and made application for another. 

Standing. 

24. Every officer keeps a record of the scholarship of each student. 

25. The maximum mark is ten in each department, and six is required to pass a 
student. 



52 



26. Free students must maintain a standing of seven in every branch of study, or a 
general average of eight in all branches, with no deficiency in any department, failing 
which they will forfeit their privileges. 

Change of Course. 

27. No student shall be permitted to change his course till he has passed in every 
study of the course which he proposes to leave. 

Analyses. 

28. Analyses and assays must be made on material supplied or authorized before- 
hand by the instructor in charge of the laboratory, and the reports must be handed in on 
the completion of the work. 

29. Students pursuing the course of analytical and applied chemistry, and in the 
course of metallurgy, are required to complete the regular list of analyses within the 
time allotted, and failing in this, they are not permitted to continue with their classes. 

Memoirs. 

30. Each student, at the commencement of his second, third, and fourth year, is 
required to present memoirs on such subjects as may be assigned to him by the faculty, 
except students in the course of engineering, metallurgy and geology at the end of the 
second year, and students in the course of metallurgy at the end of the third year. 

31. Students of the second, third and fourth classes who fail to hand in the memoirs, 
drawings, and other summer work required of them under the rules by a specified time, 
shall not be permitted to hand them in until a year from that specified time, and failing 
in this latter requirement they shall be dropped from the roll of the class. The time 
specified for summer memoirs in chemistry, is November 1st of each year, and for other 
memoirs and summer work the time specified is the second Monday in October. 

Under this rule, delinquents in the fourth class cannot graduate with their class at 
commencement. 

Summer Schools. 

32. Students are not permitted to attend the summer classes in practical mining and 
in geodesy unless they have previously completed the course of study in the summer 
school of surveying. 

33. Students who fail to pass satisfactory examinations in qualitative analysis, are 
required to attend the summer school in chemistry. 

34. Students who fail to complete the allotted number of quantitative analyses are 
required to attend the summer school in chemistry. 

Projects and Dissertations. 

35. Each student, before graduating, is required to execute projects or dissertations on 
subjects assigned to him by the faculty. These projects or dissertations must be illustrated 
by drawings made to a scale. 

36. All memoirs, projects, dissertations, and drawings executed in the drawing 
academy may be retained by the school. 

Degrees. 

37. Every student who has passed satisfactory examinations in all the studies of a 
course, and completed the number of projects, dissertations, memoirs, analyses, assays and 
drawings, is recommended to the Board of Trustees for the degree of engineer of mines 
civil engineer, metallurgical engineer, or bachelor of philosophy. 






53 



38. Graduates of the school, who fulfil the following conditions, are recommended 
fto the trustees for the degree of doctor of philosophy : 

(1) Each candidate shall pursue, for the term of at least two academic years, a course 
of higher study at the school and under the direction of the faculty, in two or more 
branches of science, and shall pass an improved examination thereon. 

(2) He shall also present an acceptable thesis or dissertation embodying the results 
of such special study, research, or observation, upon a subject previously approved and 
accepted by the faculty. 

In special cases, and for reasons connected with the work which may be satisfactory 
to the faculty, the faculty of the school is empowered to grant permission to candidates 
for the degree of doctor of philosophy to perform their work away from the school, pro- 
viding that such candidates matriculate at the school as graduate students, and pay the 
same fees as are required of resident candidates for the same degree. 

Speakers at Commencement. 

39. A list of members of the graduating class, from whom a speaker at commence- 
ment may be chosen, will be made by the faculty and submitted to the class, who may 
select as speaker one of the number, subject to the approval of the faculty. 

Library. 

40. The library is open to students from 8 a. m. to 10 p. m. daily (except Sundays 
and Good-Friday), throughout the year, including all holidays and vacations. 

41. Books taken from the library must be returned within two weeks, or earlier i£ 
recalled by the librarian as specially needed. 

42. Students must give receipts for books taken, and are responsible for their return 
in good condition. 

The Laboratories and Drawing Academies. 

43. No student will be allowed in a laboratory or a drawing academy at a time when 
his attendance there is not due. During hours assigned for practical work in each of the 
laboratories and in the drawing academies, the attendance of students will be required. 
A record of the daily attendance and of the progress of each student will be kept by the 
officer in charge. 

44. The attendance of students of the first and second years in the drawing room at 
such times as they are not engaged at lectures, between 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., is obligatory 
for students in engineering and architecture, for such hours and times as may be selected 
by the professors of engineering and architecture. 

Order. 

45. Good order and gentlemanly deportment are required of all students, as a con- 
dition of attendance upon the exercises of the school. 

46. Smoking is prohibited in the college buildings. 



SYNOPSIS OF STUDIES. 

I. — Course in Mining Engineering. 
First Year. 
First Session. 
Trigonometry and Mensuration, as contained in Davies' Legendre. 
Physics — Doctrines of heat, viz., expansion, conduction, radiation, thermometry, 
latent heat, tension of vapors, steam, specific heat. Sound — lectures, and Atkinson's. 
Ganot's Physics. 



54 



Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Chemistry — The metals. Lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. ) 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fressenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Blowpipe analysis — Qualitative \ text-book ; Platner's Blowpipe Analysis. 

Drawing — Free-hand and sketching ; lettering, instrumental drawing ; projections, 
intersections, and developments. Text-book : Binn's Orthographic Projection. 

Second Session. 

Geometrical Conic Sections — Text-book : Peck's Conic Sections. 

Algebra — Text-book : Peck's Manual of Algebra. 

Graphical Algebra — Text-book : Phillips k Beebe's Graphic Algebra. 

Graphics — Descriptive geometry ; text-book : Church's Descriptive Geometry. 

Physics — Magnetism, electricity, static and dynamic, thermo-electricity, induction, 
magneto-electricity, the electric telegraph. Optics — lectures, and Atkinson's Ganot's 
Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Crystallography — Lectures, conferences, and Egleston's Diagrams of Crystals. 

Drawing — Same as first session. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 

Second Year. 

First Session. 

Analytical Geometry — Text-book : Peck's Analytical Geometry. 

Engineering — Exercises in mathematical problems. 

Practical Mining — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

Zoology — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital 
statistics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry. — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Ohemische Technologie — 
uir, water, artificial illumination, photography. 

Mineralogy — Lectures and conferences ; Egleston's Lectures and Tables of Min- 
eralogy. 

Drawing — Topographical drawing ; tinting and grading ; problems in graphics '> 
scale-construction drawing. 

Second Session. 

Differential and Integral Calculus — Text-book : Peck's Practical Calculus. 

Graphics — Shades and shadows, perspective, isometrical drawing ; text-book : 
Church's Shades and Shadows. 

Engineering — Exercises in mathematical problems. 

Practical Mining — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

Zoology — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital 
statistics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 



55 



Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations; Wagner's Ghemische Technologie — 
limes, mortars, and cements ; building stones : decay and preservation ; timber and its 
preservation ; pigments, paints, essential oils, varnishes ; glass and ceramics ; explosives : 
gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitro-glycerine ; electro-metallurgy, etc. 

Mineralogy —Determinative. 

Drawing — Construction drawing ; mine maps ; mine sections. 

Summer Vacation. 
Optional class in machine shops. 

Surveying — Lectures 4 , recitations, and field work ; pacing ; compass and chain sur- 
veys ; topographical work ; use of solar compass in land and mineral surveys ; adjust- 
ments and use of transit and wye level for triangulation ; traversing, city sarveying, and 
levelling ; use of plane table ; stratigraphical and magnetic surveys. 

Summer class in surveying. 

Third Year. 

First Session. 

Mechanics of solids, including forces, moments, equilibrium, stability, etc, and 
■elementary machines; dynamics, including uniform, varied, rectilineal and curvilinear 
motion, rotation, vibration, impact, work done, etc. 

Physics — Mechanical theory of heat, electricity. 

Engineering — general principles relating to materials and structures, physically and 
mechanically considered. 

1. Materials — stone, cements, brick, metals, timber, treated in regard to strength, 
•durability, mode of preparation, defects, tests of quality, and fitness for special uses. 

2. Structures — earthwork, execution of earthwork, foundations and supports, super- 
structure, joints ; stability, strength, and stiffness of parts ; special rules of construction 
for masonry of public buildings, bridges, retaining walls, arches, railroads, common roads, 
and canals. 

Physical Properties of Materials — Pig-iron : castings, chilled and malleable ; wrought 
iron ; bar, shapes, plate, tube, and wire ; steel : ingot metal, castings, shapes and plate ; 
other metals and alloys. 

Practical Mining — 

1. Boring, earth augers, driven wells, boring with rods and cable tools ; upward, 
inclined, and horizontal boring ; diamond drill and its use in prospecting. 

2. Shaft sinking, shaft timbering and spiling, boring of shafts, sinking of iron and 
masonry linings, cribbing, walling, and tubbing. 

3. Drifting of adits and levels, timbering and walling in levels and working places. 

4. Mining of coal and ores, coal-cutting machines, hand and machine drilling. 

5. Handling of coal and ores in working places. 

6. Tramming, cars, tracks, locomotive and wire-rope haulage, planes and gravity 
roads. 

7. Accidents to miners, cause and prevention. 

8. Organization and administration. 

9. Time-books, measurement of contracts, pay-roll, analysis and dissection of accounts, 
and cost sheets. 

Assaying and Ore Testing — Lectures, recitations, and practical work. 

Metallurgy — General metallurgy ; fuel, furnaces, etc. 

Geology, Lithological — Rocks and rock masses. 

Drawing — General engineering construction ; machine construction. 



56 



Second Session. 

Mechanics of Fluids, including pressure, buoyancy, and specific gravities, motion in 
pipes and channels, undulation, capillarity, tension and elasticity of gases, the atmos- 
phere, the barometer, barometric formulae, and hypsometry. 

Physics — Electricity, physical optics, and the undulatory theory of light (last two 
optional). 

Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of materials — elasticity, mechanical 
laws, application of principles of mechanics to beams, girders, and roof trusses under 
various conditions of loading and supports. 

Physical Properties of Materials — Continued from first session. 

Practical Mining — 

1. Boring, earth augers, driven wells, boring with rods and cable tools ; upward > 
inclined, and horizontal boring ; diamond drill and its use in prospecting. 

2. Shaft sinking, shaft timbering and spiling, boring of shafts, sinking of iron and 
masonry linings, cribbing, walling and tubbing. 

3. Drifting of adits and levels, timbering and walling in levels and working places. 

4. Mining of coal and ores, coal-cutting machines, hand and machine drilling, 

5. Handling of coal and ores in working places. 

6. Tramming, cars, tracks, locomotive and wire-rope haulage, planes and gravity 
roads. 

7. Accidents to miners, cause and prevention. 

8. Organization and administration. 

9. Time-books, measurement of contracts, pay-roll, analysis and dissection of 
accounts and cost sheets. 

Metallurgy — Iron and steel. 

Geology — Historical, including palaeontology, or a systematic review of recent and 
fossil forms of life. 

Drawing — General engineering construction ; machine construction. 

Summer Vacation. 
Summer class in practical mining. 
Memoir. 

Fourth Year. 
(Without distinction of sessions.) 

Mining Engineering — 

1. Considered in its widest sense as a course of study. 

2. Considered in reference to the application of general principles of engineering to 
the development and working of mines. 

3. Classification and nomenclature of mineral deposits ; descriptions of lodes or 
veins, beds, masses, and irregular deposits, with illustrations of the disturbances to which 
they are subjected, as affecting the work of mining. 

4. Graphical representation of deposits ; with examples showing modes of occurrence 
and disturbances. 

5. Prospecting or searching for mineral deposits. 

6. Exploratory workings. 

7. Establishing seats of extraction. 

8. Description of typical methods of exploitation as applied to wide veins or lodes, 
to narrow veins, masses, to beds of various thicknesses and degrees of inclination. 

9. General principles relating to subterranean transportation. 



57 



10. Methods and machinery employed for extracting minerals from the pits, and for 
facilitating ascent and descent of workmen. 

11. Drainage of mines ; theory of infiltrations of water, methods and machinery for 
draining or freeing mines from water. 

12. Ventilation of mines; causes of vitiation of the air of mines; quantities of 
fresh air required under various circumstances ; natural ventilation ; mechanical venti- 
lation by fires and by ventilating machinery ; distribution of air through galleries and 
workings. 

13. Graphical illustrations of exploratory workings; methods of exploitation; 
machinery for hoisting, pumping, ventilation and transportation, including the use of 
steam-engines and pumps, air compressors, air engines, pumping engines, winding engines, 
centrifugal and other ventilating machines. 

Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of materials continued ; graphical 
methods of determining strains, deflection of beams and girders ; quantity of material in 
braced girders under various conditions of loading and supports ; angle of economy for 
bracing ; torsion of shafts ; crushing and tensile strength of materials ; working strains 
and working load ; mode of estimating cost of girder work. 

Hydraulic Engineering — Application of principles of mechanics of fluids to determin- 
ing the discharge of water over weirs or dams ; the dimensions of conduit pipes ; discharge 
of canals and rivers ; the effect of varying forms and sections of channels and of obstruc- 
tions to flow ; the gauging of streams ; retaining walls for reservoirs. 

Machinery and Millwork — 
.1. General theory of motion. 

2. Uniform and varied motion. 

3. Composition of motions. 

4. Instantaneous centre and centroids. 

5. Transmissions by rolling and sliding contract, by belting, ropes and chain, by 
shafting and linkages, by fluids. 

6. Engaging and disengaging and reversing gears, and quick-return motions. 

Dynamics of Machinery — Forces of nature employed or acting in all machines ; 
dynamical laws, mathematical theorems, measure of forces, work of forces ; elementary 
machines and their combinations ; theory of efficiency ; theory of fly-wheels, governors 
and brakes ; strength and proportions of parts of machines ; dynamometers ; prime 
movers, as driven by animal power, water power, steam power, compressed or heated air, 
wind power comprising the theory of animal power, theory of water-wheels, overshot 
wheels, undershot wheels, breast wheels, turbines, re-action wheels, centrifugal pumps ; 
properties and laws of heat as applied to the generation of steam and the construction of 
boilers ; properties of steam and air in their relation to prime movers ; mechanical theory 
of heat applied to steam-engines, hot air engines, compressed air engines ; general descrip- 
tion of heat engines of various forms ; description and theory of ventilating fans or 
blowers. 

Mechanical Engineering — 

1. Steam boilers : construction, wear and tear, fittings, setting, testing, care and 
management, firing, feeding, injectors, pumps, etc. 

2. Mechanism of engines — valve gearing, link motions, governors, etc. 

3. Management of engines — erecting, emergencies, special types of engines, etc. 

4. Proportions of engines, etc. 

5. Testing efficiency of engines and boilers, etc. 

6. Pumps, hoisting engines, ventilating machinery, construction and management of 
hot air, gas and petroleum engines, etc. 

7. Machine tools. 

Graphical Statics. 

Surveying — Railroad surveying : reconnoissance, location of line, calculation of 
cuttings and embankments. 



58 



Ore Dressing — 

1. Introduction, theory of separation, hand and machine dressing, general principles 
governing crushing and sizing of ores of different character. 

2. Jigging — theory of, description of different forms of jigs and methods of working, 
air jigs. 

3. Slime treatment, classification of slimes in troughs, spitz kasten, etc., and treat- 
ment on buddies and tables. 

4. Description of crushing machinery, jaw crushers, rolls, stamps, mills, etc. 

5. Sizing apparatus, screens, riddles and trommels. 

6. Description of coal-washing plan ; anthracite breaker. 

7. Description of American ore-dressing works. 

8. Foreign ore-dressing works. 

Quantitative Analysis — Optional. 

Metallurgy — Copper, lead, antimony, silver, gold, zinc, tin, mercury, etc. 

Economic Geology — Theory of mineral veins, ores, deposits and distribution of iron, 
copper, lead, gold, silver, mercury and other metals j graphite, coal, lignite, peat, asphalt, 
petroleum, salt, clay, limestone, cements, building and ornamental stones, etc. 

Drawing — Engineering designing. 

Project in Metallurgy, or thesis in mining engineering or economic geology. 



II. — Course in Civil Engineering. 

First Year. 

First Session. 

Trigonometry and Mensuration, as contained in Davies' Legendre. 

Physics — Doctrines of heat, viz., expansion, conduction, radiation, thermometry, 
latent heat, tension of vapors, steam, specific heat. Optics — lectures, and Atkinson's 
Ganot's Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Chemistry — The metals. Lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Drawing — Free-hand and sketching; lettering, instrumental drawing; projections) 
intersections and developments. Text-book ; Binn's Orthographic Projection. 

Second Session. 

Geometrical Conic Sections — Text-book : Peck's Conic Sections. 

Algebra — Text-book : Peck's Manual of Algebra. 

Graphical Algebra — Text-book : Phillips & Beebe's Graphic Algebra. 

Graphics — Descriptive geometry; text-book: Church's Descriptive Geometry. 

Physics — Magnetism, electricity, static and dynamic, thermo-electricity, induction, 
magneto-electricity, the electric telegraph. Optics — Lectures, and Atkinson's Ganot's 
Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Drawing — Same as first session. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 



59 



Second Tear. 

First Session. 

Analytical geometry — Text-book : Peck's Analytical Geometry. 

Engineering — Exercises in Mathematical Problems. 

Sanitary Engineering — Drainage of buildings and house-lots; water supply of 
buildings. 

Practical Mining — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

Zoology — Lectures and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
air, water, artificial illumination, photography. 

Mineralogy — Lectures, conferences, blow-pipe analysis and crystallography. 

Drawing — Topographical drawing ; tinting and grading ; problems in graphics ; 
scale-construction drawing. 

Second Session. 

Differential and Integral Calculus — Text-book : Peck's Practical Calculus. 

Graphics — Shades and shadows, perspective, isometrical drawing. 

Stereotomy — Text-book : Mahan's Stone Cutting. 

Engineering — Exercises in mathematical problems. 

Sanitary Engineering — Drainage of buildings and house-lots; water supply of 
buildings. 

Practical Mining — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

Zoology — Lectures and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis 
tics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
limes, mortars, and cements ; building stones : decay and preservation ; timber and its 
preservation; pigments, paints, essential oils, varnishes; glass, and ceremics; explosives: 
gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitro-glycerine ; electro-metallurgy, etc. 

Mineralogy — Determinative. 

Drawing — Problems in graphics ; construction drawing ; stone-cutting. 

Summer Vacation. 
Optional class in machine shops. 

Surveying — Lectures, recitations and field work; pacing; compass and chain surveys; 
topographical work; use of solar compass in land surveys; adjustments and use of transit 
and wye level for triangulation ; traversing, city surveying, and levelling ; use of plane 
table ; hydrographic surveys. 

Summer class in surveying. 

Third Year. 

First Session. 

Mechanics of Solids, including forces, moments, equilibrium, stability, etc., and ele- 
mentary machines ; dynamics, including uniform, varied, rectilineal, and curvilinear 
motion, rotation, vibration, impact, work done, etc. 



60 



Physics — Mechanical theory of heat, electricity. 
Practical astronomy and general principles of geodesy. 

Engineering — General principles relating to materials and structures, physically and 
mechanically considered. 

1. Materials — Stone, cements, brick, metals, timber, treated in regard to strength, 
durability, mode of preparation, defects, tests, of quality, and fitness for special uses. 

2. Structures — Earthwork, execution of earthwork, foundations and supports, super- 
structure, joints, strength and stiffness of parts ; special rules of construction for 
masonry of public buildings, bridges, retaining walls, arches, railroads, common roads, 
and canals. 

Physical properties of materials — Pig-iron : castings, chilled and malleable ; wrought 
iron : bar, shapes, plate, tube and wire \ steel : ingot, metal, castings, shapes, and plate ; 
other metals and alloys. 

Metallurgy — General metallurgy ; fuels, furnaces, etc. 

Geology — Lithological, cosmical, and physiographic. 

Drawing — General engineering construction ; machine construction. 

Second Session. 

Mechanics of fluids, including pressure, buoyancy, and specific gravities, motion in 
pipes and channels, undulation, capillarity, tension and elasticity of gases, the atmos- 
phere, the barometer, barometric formulae, and hypsometry. 

Physics — Electricity, physical optics, and the undulatory theory of light (optional). 

Practical Astronomy and general principles of geodesy. 

Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of materials — elasticity, mechanical 
laws, application of principles of mechanism to beams, girders, and roof trusses under 
various conditions of loading and supports. 

Physical Properties of Materials — continued from first session. 

Metallurgy — Iron and steel 

Geology — Historical, including paleontology. 

Drawing — General engineering construction ; machine construction. 

Summer Vacation. 

SUMMER CLASS IN PRACTICAL GEODESY. 

Memoir. 

Fourth Year. 

(Without any distinction of sessions.) 

Civil Engineering — Hydraulic and sanitary engineering, embracing water supply for 
cities and towns, for the purposes of irrigation and improvement of lands ; quantity and 
quality of water required ; rainfall, flows of streams, storage of water, capacity of water- 
sheds, impurities of water ; practical constructiou of water-works, pumping machinery ; 
clarification of water j systems of water supply. 

Principles of Sanitary Engineering as regards necessity of sanitary measures, different 
systems of removing refuse and decomposing matters, warming and ventilation. 

Works of Sewerage — Rainfall and sewers; influence of geological and topographical 
features of the sites of towns and districts ; discharge of sewers ; intercepting sewers, 
forms, modes of construction, and materials used ; flushing of sewers and ventilation ;. 



61 



traps, outfalls, tide valves ; subsoil and surface drainage of towns ; house drainage ; 
water-closets ; ventilation of houses in connection with sanitary measures. 

Improvements of Rivers and Harbors — Action of tides and currents in forming and 
removing deposits ; methods of protecting and deepening harbors and channels. 

Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of» materials continued — graphical 
methods of determining strains ; deflection of beams and girders ; quantity of material 
in braced girders under various conditions of loading and supports ; angle of economy for 
bracing ; torsion of shafts ; crushing and tensile strength of materials, working strains 
and working load ; mode of estimating cost of girder work. 

Hydraulic Engineering — Application of principles of mechanics of fluids to deter- 
mining the discharge of water over weirs or dams ; the dimensions of conduit pipes ; dis- 
charge of canals and rivers ; the effects of varying forms and sections of channels and of 
obstructions to flow ; the gauging of streams ; retaining walls for reservoirs. 

Machinery and Millwork — 

1. General theory of motion. 

2. Uniform and varied motion. 

3. Oompositon of motions. 

4. Instantaneous centre and centroids. 

5. Transmissions by rolling and sliding contact, by belting, ropes and chain, by 
shafting and linkages, by fluids. 

6. Engaging Gears, reversing and quick-return motions. Dynamics of machinery — 
forces of nature employed or acting in all machines ; dynamical laws, mathematical 
theorems, measure of forces, work of forces; elementary machines and their combina- 
tions; theory of efficiency; theory of fly-wheels, governors and brakes; strength and pro 
portions of parts of machines; dynamometers; prime movers as driven by animal power, 
water power, steam power, compressed or heated air, wind power, comprising the theory of 
animal power, theory of water-wheels, overshot wheels, undershot wheels, breast wheels, tur- 
bines, reaction wheels, centrifugal pumps ; properties and laws of heat as applied to the 
generation of steam in steam boilers; properties of steam and air in their relation to 
prime movers ; mechanical theory of heat, applied to steam-engines, hot-air engines, com- 
pressed-air engines ; general description of heat engines of various forms ; description 
and theory of ventilating fans or blowers. 

Mechanical Engineering. — 

1. Steam-boilers ; construction, wear and tear, fittings, setting, testing, care and 
management, firing, feeding, injectors, pumps, etc. 

2. Mechanism of engines : valve gearing, link motions, governors, etc. 

3. Management of engines : erecting, emergencies, special types of engines, etc. 

4. Proportions of engines, etc. 

5. Testing efficiency of engines and boilers. 

6. Pumps, hoisting engines, ventilating machinery. 

7. Construction and management of hot-air, gas and petroleum engines, etc. 

8. Machine tools. 

Graphical Statics. 

Railroad Engineering. — Motive power, alignment and grades, economic location, 
operating expenses ; permanent way, track, signal systems ; rolling stock ; operation and 
administration. 

Geodesy. — Continued with lectures on figure of the earth, astronomical^ determina- 
tions of time, latitude, longitude, and azimuth of a direction. 

Surveying. — Railroad surveying : reconnoissance, location and survey of line with 
curves and slope stakes, calculations of cuttings and embankments ; railroad construction. 

Drawing. — Engineering designing. 

Project. 



62 

III. — Course in Metallurgy. 
First Year. 
• First Session. 

Trigonometry and Mensuration. — As contained in Davies' Legendre. 

Physics. — Doctrines of heat, viz., expansion, conduction, radiation, thermometry^ 
latent heat, tension of vapors, steam, specific heat. Optics. — Lectures, and Atkinson's 
Ganot's Physics. 

Botany. — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Chemistry. — The metals. Lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Qualitative Analysis. — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Blowpipe Analysis. — Qualitative ; text-book : Plattner's Blowpipe Analysis. 

Drawing. — Free-hand and sketching ; lettering, instrumental drawing ; projections,, 
intersections and developements. Text-book : Binn's Orthographic Projection. 

Second Session. 

Geometrical Conic Sections. — Text-book : Peck's Conic Sections. 

Algebra. — Text-book : Peck's Manual of Algebra. 

Graphical Algebra. — Text-book : Phillips & Beebe's Graphic Algebra. 

Graphics. — Descriptive geometry ; text-book : Church's Descriptive Geometry. 

Physics. — Magnetism, electricity, static and dynamic, thermo-electricity, induction, 
magneto-electricity, the electric telegraph. Optics. — lectures, and Atkinson's Ganot's 
Physics. 

Botany. — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Qualitative Analysis. — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Crystallography. — Lectures, and Egleston's Diagrams of Crystals. 

Drawing. — Same as first session. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 



Second Year. 
First Session. 

Analytical Geometry. — Text-book : Peck's Analytical Geometry. 

Practical Mining. — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

Zoology. — Lectures, and Nicholson's {Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene. — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics, lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry. — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
air, water, artificial illumination, photography. 

Quantitative Analysis. — Lectures, and Cairns' Quantitative Analysis. 

Mineralogy. — Lectures and conferences; Egleston's Lectures and Tables of 
Mineralogy. 

Drawing. — Tinting and grading ; topographical drawing; construction drawing. 






63 



Second Session. 

Differential and Integral Calculus. — Text-book : Peck's Practical Calculus. 

Graphics. — Shades and shadows, perspective, isometrical drawing. 

Stereotomy. — Text-book : Mahan's Stone- Cutting. 

Practical Mining. — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

Zoology. — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene. — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics, lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry. — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
limes, mortars, and caments ; building stones : decay and preservation ; timber 
and its preservation ; pigments, paints, essential oils, varnishes ; glass and ceramics ; 
explosives ; gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitro-glycerine ; electro-metallurgy, etc. 

Quantitative Analysis. — Lectures, and Cairns' Quantitative Analysis. 

Mineralogy. — Determinative. 

Drawing. — Construction drawing ; plans of mill buildings, furnaces, etc. 

Summer Vacation. 

Optional Class in Machine Shops. 

Surveying. — Lectures, recitations, and field work ; pacing ; compass, and chain 
surveys ; topographical work ; use of solar compass in land and mineral surveys ; adjust- 
ments and use of transmit and wye level for triangulation ; traversing, city surveying, 
and levelling ; use of plane table ; stratigraphical and magnetic surveys. 

Summer Class in Surveying. 

Third Year. 
First Session. 

Mechanics of Solids. — Including forces, moments, equilibrium, stability, etc., and 
elementary machines ; dynamics, including uniform, varied, rectilineal, and curvilinear 
motion, rotation, vibration, impact, work done, etc. 

Physics. — Mechanical theory of heat, electricity. 

Engineering. — General principles relating to materials and structures, physically 
and mechanically considered. 

1, Materials. — Stone, cements, brick, metals, timber, treated in regard to strength, 
durability, mode of preparation, defects, tests of quality, and fitness for special uses. 

2. Structures. — Earthwork, execution of earthwork, foundations and supports, 
superstructure, joints ; stability, strength, and stiffness of parts ; special rules of con- 
struction for masonry of public buildings, bridges, retaining walls, arches, railroads, 
common roads, and canals. 

Physical Properties of Materials. — Pig-iron: castings, .chilled and malleable; 
wrought-iron : bar, shapes, plate, tube, and wire ; steel : ingot metal, castings, shapes 
and plate ; other metals and alloys. 

Practical Mining. — 

1. Boring, earth augers, driven wells, boring with rods and cable tools; upward 
inclined, and horizontal boring ; diamond drill and its use in prospecting. 

2. Shaft sinking, shaft timbering and spiling, boring of shafts, sinking of iron and 
masonry linings, cribbing, walling, and tubbing. 

3. Drifting of adits and levels, timbering and walling in levels and working places. 

4. Mining of coal and ores, coal-cutting machines, hand and machine drilling. 



64 



5. Handling of coal and ores in working places. 

6. Tramming, cars, tracks, locomotive and wire-rope haulage, planes and gravity 
roads. 

7. Accidents to miners, cause and prevention. 

8. Organization and administration. 

9. Time-books, measurement of contracts, pay-roll, analysis and dissection of accounts 
and cost sheets. 

Quantitative Analysis. 

Metallurgy — General metallurgy, fuels, etc. 

Geology — Lithological, rocks and rock masses. 

Draiving — Constructions ; machines, furnaces, plans, etc. 

Second Session. 

Mechanics oj Fluids — Including pressure, buoyancy, and specific gravities, motion in 
pipes and channels, undulation, capillarity, tension and elasticity of gases, the atmos- 
phere, the barometer, barometric formulae, and hypsometry. 

Physics — Electricity ; physical optics and the undulatory theory of light (the last 
two optional.) 

Engineering. — Theory of strains and strength of materials continued — graphical 
methods of determining strains, deflection of beams and girders ; quantity of material in 
braced girders under various conditions of loading and supports ; angle of economy for 
bracing ; torsion of shafts ; crushing and tensile strength of materials ; working strains 
and working load ; mode of estimating cost of girder work. 

Dynamics of Machinery— Forces of nature employed or acting in all machines ; dyna- 
mical laws, mathematical theorems, measure of forces, work of forces ; elementary 
machines and their combinations ; theory of efficiency ; theory of fly-wheels, governors, 
and brakes ; strength and proportions of parts of machines ; dynamometers. * 

Physical properties of Materials — Continued from first session. 

Practical Mining — 

1. Boring, earth augers, driven wells, boring with rods and cable tools; upward, 
inclined, and horizontal boring ; diamond drill and its use in prospecting. 

2. Shaft sinking, shaft timbering and spiling, boring of shafts, sinking of iron and 
masonry linings, cribbing, walling and tubbing. 

3. Drifting of adits and levels, timbering and walling in levels and working places. 

4. Mining of coal and ores, coal-cutting machines, hand and machine drilling. 

5. Handling of coal and ores in working places. 

6. Tramming, cars, tracks, locomotive and wire-rope haulage, planes and gravity 
roads. 

7. Accidents to miners, cause and prevention. 

8. Organization and administration. 

9. Time-books, measurement of contracts, pay-roll, analysis and dissection of accounts 
and cost sheets. 

Assaying and Ore Testing — Lectures, recitations, and practical work ; sampling and 
testing large and small lots of ores, slaggs, mattes, alloys, amalgams, etc. ; special practice 
on lead, antimony, gold, silver, and copper ores. 

Metallurgy — Iron and steel. 

Geology — Historical, including palaeontology. 

Drawing — Constructions ; machines, furnaces, plans, etc. 

Summer Vacation. 
Summer class in practical mining. 



65 



Fourth Year. 

(Without distinction of sessions.) 
Mining Engineering — 

1. Considered in its widest sense as a course of study. 

2. Considered in reference to the application of general principles of engineering to 
the development and working of mines, 

3. Classification and nomenclature of mineral deposits ; descriptions of lodes or veins, 
beds, masses, and irregular deposits, with illustrations of the disturbances to which they 
are subjected, as affecting the work of mining. 

4. Graphical representations of deposits, with examples showing modes of occurrence 
and disturbances. 

5. Prospecting or searching for mineral deposits. 

6. Exploratory workings. 

7. Establishing seats of extraction. 

8. Description of typical methods of exploitation as applied to wide veins or lodes, to 
narrow veins, masses, to beds of various thicknesses and degrees of inclination. 

9. General principles relating to subterranean transportation. 

10. Methods and machinery employed for extracting minerals from the pits, and for 
facilitating ascent and descent of workmen. 

11. Drainage of mines ; theory of infiltrations of water, methods and machinery for 
draining or freeing mines from water. 

12. Ventilation of mines ; causes of vitiation of the air of mines ; quantities of fresh 
air required under various circumstances ; natural ventilation ; mechanical ventilation by 
fires and by ventilating machinery ; distribution of air through galleries and workings. 

13. Graphical illustrations of exploratory workings; methods of exploitation; 
machinery for hoisting, pumping, ventilation, and transportation, including the use of 
steam-engines and pumps, air compressors, air engines, pumping engines, winding engines, 
centrifugal and other ventilating machines. 

Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of materials continued — graphical 
methods of determining strains ; deflection of beams and girders; quantity of material in 
braced girders under various conditions of loading and supports ; angle of economy for 
bracing ; torsion of shafts ; crushing and tensile strength of materials ; working strains 
and working load; mode of estimating cost of girder work. 

Hydraulic Engineering — Application of principles of mechanics of fluids to deter- 
mining the discharge of water over weirs or dams ; the dimensions of conduit pipes ; dis- 
charge of canals and rivers ; the effect of varying forms and sections of channels and of 
obstructions to flow ; the gauging of streams ; retaining walls for reservoirs. 

Machinery and Millwork — 

1. General theory of motion. 

2. Uniform and varied motion. 

3. Composition of motions. 

4. Instantaneous centre and centroids. 

5. Transmissions by rolling and sliding contact, by belting, rope and chain by shafts 
and linkages, by fluids. 

6. Engaging and reversing gears, and quick-return motions. 

Dynamics of Machinery — Forces of nature employed or acting in all machines ; dyna- 
mical laws, mathematical theorems, measure of forces, work of forces ; elementary machines 
and their combinations ; theory of efficiency ; theory of fly-wheels, governors, and brakes ; 
strength and proportions of parts of machines ; dynamometers ; prime movers, as driven 
by animal power, water power, steam power, compressed or heated air, wind power, com- 
prising the theory of animal power, theory of water-wheels, overshot wheels, undershot 
wheels, breast wheels, turbines, reaction wheels ; centrifugal pumps ; properties and laws 
of heat as applied to the generation of steam and the construction of boilers ; properties 
of steam and air in their relation to prime movers ; mechanical theory of heat applied to 
6 (T. E.) 



66 



steam-engines, hot-air engines, compressed-air engines ; general description of heat engines 
of various forms ; description and theory of ventilating fans or blowers. 

Mechanical Engineering. — 

1. Steam boilers : construction, wear and tear, fittings, setting, testing, care and 
management, firing, feeding, injectors, pumps, etc. 

2. Mechanism of engines : valve gearing, link motions, governors, etc. 

3. Management of engines : erecting, emergencies, special types of engines, etc. 

4. Proportions of engines, etc. 

5. Testing efficiency of engines and boilers, etc. 

6. Pumps, hoisting engines, ventilating machinery ; construction and management of 
hot-air, gas, and petroleum engines, etc. 

7. Machine tools. 

Graphical Statics. 

Ore Dressing — 

1. Introduction, theory of separation, hand and machine dressing, general principles 
governing crushing and sizing of ores of different character. 

2. Jigging — theory of, description of different forms of jigs and methods of working, 
air jigs. 

3. Slime treatment, classifications of slimes in troughs, spitz kasten, etc., and treat- 
ment on bundles and tables. 

4. Description of crushing machinery, jaw crushers, rolls, stamps, mills, etc. 

5. Sizing apparatus, screens, riddles, and trommels. 

6. Description of coal- washing plant ; anthracite breaker. 

7. Description of American ore-dressing works. 

8. Foreign ore-dressing works. 

Metallurgy — Copper, lead, silver, gold, zinc, tin, mercury, etc. 

Economic Geology — Theory of mineral veins, ores, deposits, and distribution of iron, 
copper, lead, gold, silver, mercury, and other metals ; graphite, coal, lignite, peat, asphalt,, 
petroleum, salt, clay, limestone, cements, building and ornamental stones, etc. 

Drawing — Project and thesis work. 
Project. 

IV. — Course in Geology and Palaeontology. 

First Year. 
First Session. 

Trigonometry and Mensuration, as contained in Davie's Legendre. 

Physics — Doctrines of heat, viz., expansion, conduction, radiation, thermometry r 
latent heat, tension of vapors, steam, specific heat. Optics — Lectures, and Atkinson's 
Ganot's Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. ' 

Chemistry — The metals. Lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Blowpipe Analysis — Qualitative; text-book; Plattner's Blowpipe Analysis. 

Drawing — Free-hand and sketching ; lettering, instrumental drawing ; projections, 
intersections, and developments ; Text-book : Binn's Orthographic Projection. 

Second Session. 
Geometrical Conic Sections — Text-book : Peck's Conic Sections. 
Algebra — Text-book ; Peck's Manual of Algebra. 



67 



Graphical Algebra — Text-book : Phillips & Beebe's Graphic Algebra. 

Graphics — Descriptive geometry ; text-book ; Church's Descriptive Geometry. 

Physics — Magnetism, electricity — static and dynamic, thermo-electricity, induction, 
magneto-electricity, the electric telegraph. Optics — Lectures and Atkinson's Ganot's 
Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Crystallography — Lectures, and Egleston's Diagrams of Crystals. 

Drawing — Same as first session. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 



Second Year. 

First Session. 
Botany — Histology. 
Zoology — Lectures, histology, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital 
statistics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
air, water, artificial illumination, photography. 

Mineralogy — Lectures and conferences ; Egleston's lectures and tables of min- 
eralogy. 

Drawing — Topographical drawing ; tinting and grading ; problems in graphics ; 
sketches of geological outcrops, fossils, etc. 

Second Session. 

Graphics — Shades and shadows, perspective and isometrical drawing. 

Botany — Protophyta, thallophyta, bryophyta. 

Zoology — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology ; and practical study of 
protozoa, recent and fossil. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations \ Wagner's Chemische Technologie — ■ 
limes, mortars, and cements ; building stones ; decay and preservation ■ timber and its 
preservation ; pigments, paints, essential oils, varnishes ; glass and ceramics ; explosives ; 
gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitro-glycerine ; electro-metallurgy, etc. 

Mineralogy — Determinative. 

Drawing— Geological sections, plain and colored ; fossil drawing. 

Summer Vacation. 

Surveying — Lectures, recitations, and field work ; pacing ; compass and chain 
surveys ; topographical work ; use of solar compass in land and mineral surveys ; adjust- 
ments and use of transit and wye level for triangulation ; traversing, city surveying, and 
levelling • use of plane table; stratigraphical and magnetic surveys. 



Summer class in surveying. 



68 

Third Year. 

First Session. 

Physics — Mechanical theory of heat, electricity. 

Botany — Pteridophyta, phanerogamia. 

Zoology — Badiata, recent and fossil. 

Assaying and Ore Testing — Lectures, recitations, and practical work. 

Metallurgy — General metallurgy, fuels, etc. 

Geology — Lithological, cosmical, physiographic. 

Drawing — Geological drawings. 

Second Session. 

Physics — Electricity, physical optics, and the undulatory theory of light (last two 
optional. 

Botany — Palseontological. 

Zoology — Mullusca, recent and fossil. 

Metallurgy — Iron and steel. 

Geology — Historical, including palaeontology. 

Drawing — Geological drawings. 

Summer Vacation. 

Memoir, 
i 

Fourth Year. 

(Without distinction of session.) 

Botany — Palseontological and economic. 

Zoology — Articulata and vertebrata, recent and fossil. 

Surveying — Principles of geodesy, railroad surveying, reconnoissance, location of 
line, calculations of cuttings and embankments. 

Quantitative Analysis — Optional. 

Metallurgy — Copper, lead, silver, gold, zinc, tin, mercury, etc. 

Economic Geology — Theory of mineral veins, ores, deposits and distribution of iron, 
copper, lead, gold, silver, mercury and other metals ; graphite, coal,, lignite, peat, asphalt, 
petroleum, salt, clay, limestone, cements, building and ornamental stones, etc. ; econo- 
mic mineralogy. 

Drawing — Dissertation and thesis work. 

Thesis. 

V. — Course in Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 
First Year. 
First Session. 
Trigonometry and Mensuration as contained in Davies' Legendre. 
Physics — Doctrines of heat, viz., expansion, conduction, radiation, thermometry, 
latent heat, tension of vapors, steam, specific heat. Optics — Lectures, and Atkinson's 
Ganot's Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 



69 



Chemistry — The metals. Lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Blowpipe Analysis — Qualitative ; text-book : Plattner's Blowpipe Analysis. 

Drawing — Free-hand and sketching ; lettering, instrumental drawing ; projections, 
intersections and developments ; Text-book : Binn's Orthographic Projection. 

Second Session. 

Geometric Conic Sections — Text-book : Peck's Conic Sections. 

Algebra — Text-book : Peck's Manual of Algebra. 

Graphical Algebra — Text-book : Phillips & Beebe's Graphic Algebra. 

Physics — Magnetism, electricity, static and dynamic, thermo-electricity, induction, 
magneto-electricity, the electric telegraph. Optics — Lectures, and Atkinson's Ganot's 
Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Chemistry — Organic ; lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Chemical Physics — Lectures and recitations ; Cooke's Chemical Physics. 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Crystallography — Lectures, and Egleston's Diagrams of Crystals. 

Ih'awing — Same as first session. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 

Second Year. 

First Session. 

Zoology — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics, lectures, and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — air> 
water, artificial illumination, photography. 

Chemical Philosophy — Lectures and recitations ; Cooke's Chemical Philosophy. 

Quantitative Analysis — Lectures, and Cairns' Quantitative Analysis. 

Mineralogy — Lectures and conferences ; Egleston's lectures and tables of mineralogy. 

The Microscope and its Practical Applications — Lectures and laboratory practice. 

Second Session. 

Zoology — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics, lectures, and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
limes, mortars, and cements ; building stones ; decay and preservation ; timber and its 
preservation ; pigments, paints, essential oils, varnishes ; glass and ceramics ; explosives ; 
gunpowder, gun-cotton ; nitro-glycerine ; electro-metallurgy, etc. 

Chemical Philosophy — Lectures and recitations ; Cooke's Chemical Philosophy. 

Quantitative Analysis — Lectures, and Cairns' Quantitative Analysis. 



70 



Mineralogy — D et erminati ve. 

The Microscope and its Practical Application — Lectures and laboratory practice. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 

Third Year. 
First Session. 






Physics— Mechanical theory of heat, electricity. 

Applied Chemistry — Lecture and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologic 

Chemical manufactures : acids, alkalies, and salts. (1) Sulphur, sulphurous acid 
hyposulphites, sulphuric acid, bisulphide of carbon, etc. (2) Common salt, soda ash, 
hydrochloric acid, chlorine, binoxide of manganese, bleaching powder, chlorates, chlori- 
metry, etc. (3) Carbonate of potash, caustic potash, alkalimetry, acidimetry, etc. 
(4) Nitric acid and nitrates. (5) Iodine, bromine, etc. (6) Sodium, aluminum, magne- 
sium. (7) Phosphorus, matches, etc. (8) Ammonia Salts. (9) Cyanides. (10) Alum, 
copperas, blue vitriol, salts of magnesia, baryta, strontia, etc. (11) Borates, stannates, 
tungstates, chromates, etc. (12) Salts of mercury and silver. (13) Oils, fats, soaps, 
glycerine. 

Quantitative Analysis. 

Metallurgy — General metallurgy, fuels, furnaces, etc. 

Geology — Lithological, cosmical, and physiographic. 

Biology — Laboratory practice. 

Second Session. 

Physics — Electricity, physical optics, and the undulatory theory of light (last two 
optional). 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie. 
Food and drink : milk, cereals, starch, bread, meat, tea, coffee, sugar, fermentation, 
wine, beer, spirits, vinegar, preservation of food, tobacco, etc. 

Assaying — Lectures, recitations, and practical work ; ores of lead, antimony, tin, 
bismuth, copper, nickle, iron, mercury, gold and silver; alloys of lead, gold and 
silver. 

Metallurgy — Iron and steel. 

Geology — Historical, including palaeontology. 

Biology — Laboratory practice. 

Summer Vacation. 

Memoir. 

Fourth Year. 

(Without distinction of sessions.) 

Organic Chemistry — Lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie. 
Clothing: textile fabrics, bleaching, dyeing, calico printing, paper, tanning, glue, 
india-rubber, gutta-percha, etc. 

Fertilizers : guano, superphoshates, poudrettes, etc. 



71 



Metallurgy — Copper, lead, silver, gold, zinc, tin. mercury, etc. 

Economic Geology — Theory of mineral veins ; ores : deposits and distribution of iron, 
copper, lead, gold, silver, mercury, and other metals ; graphite, coal, lignite, peat, asphalt, 
petroleum, salt, clay, limestone, cements, building and ornamental stones, etc. 

' Thesis. 

VI. — Course in Architecture. 
First Year. 
First Session. 

Trigonometry and Mensuration — As contained in Davies' Legendre. 

Physics — Doctrines of heat, viz., expansion, conduction, radiation, thermometry, 
latent heat, tension of vapors, steam, specific heat. Optics — lectures, and Atkinson's 
Ganot's Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Chemistry — The metals. Lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Drawing — Free-hand and sketching; lettering, instrumental drawing; projections, 
intersections, and developments. 

Second Session. 

Geometrical Conic Sections — Text-book : Peck's Conic Sections. 
Algebra — Text-book : Peck's Manual of Algebra. 
Graphical Algebra — Text-book : Phillips & Beebe's Graphic Algebra. 
Graphics — Descriptive geometry ; problems. 

Physics — Magnetism, electricity — static and dynamic, thermo-electricity, induction, 
magneto-electricity, the electric telegraph. Optics — Lectures, and Atkinson's Ganot's 
Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Drawing — Brush work ; plans and elevations ; ornament ; shades and shadows ; 
perspective. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 

Second Year. 

First Session. 

Graphics — Descriptive geometry ; problems. 

Graphical Geometry — The construction of curves. 

The Elements of Architecture — The forms and proportions of the five orders, and of 
balustrades, steps, doors, windows, arches, vaults, domes, roofs, spires, etc. 

Ancient Architectural History — Text-book : Reber's History of Ancient Art, Mas- 
pero's Archeologie Egyptienne. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; "Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
air, water, artificial illumination, photography. 

Drawing and Tracing — Free-hand and instrumental ; ornament ; plans, sections, 
and elevations. 



72 



Second Session. 

Graphical Geometry — Continued. 

Graphics — Shades and shadows ; perspective, isometrical drawing ; problems. 

Stereotomy — Text-book ; Mahan's Stone-Cutting. 

The Elements of Architecture — Continued. 

Ancient Architectural History — Continued. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital 
statistics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Ohemische Technologie — 
limes, mortars, and cements ; building stones ; decay and preservation ; timber and its 
preservation ; pigments, paints, oils, and varnishes ; glass and ceramics ; explosives : 
gunpowder, gun-cotton nitro-glycerine ; electro-metallurgy, etc. 

Drawing — Ornament from casts ; details ; perspective drawings. 

Summer Vacation. 

Surveying — Optional. 

Memoir. 



Third Year. 

First Session. 

Mechanics of Solids, including forces, moments, equilibrium, stability, etc., and 
elementary machines. 

Engineering — General principles relating to materials and structures, physically and 
mechanically considered. 

1. Materials — Stone, cements, brick, metal, timber, treated in regard to strength* 
durability, mode of preparation, defects, tests of quality, and fitness for special uses. 

2. Structures — Earthwork, execution of earthwork, foundations and supports, 
superstructure, joints ; stability, strength and stiffness of parts ; special rules of con- 
struction for masonry of public buildings, bridges, retaining walls, arches. 

Sanitary Engineering — Drainage of buildings and house lots ; plumbing and water 
supply of buildings. 

* Mediaeval Architectural History. 

The History of Ornament — Lectures and exercises. 

* The Theory of Architecture — The theory of form, conventionalism. 

* Specifications and Working Drawings — Excavation, foundations, piling, stone- 
work, brickwork, plastering, and stucco-work : lectures. 

Architectural Design — Design by dictation ; problems. 

Modelling. 

Geology — Descriptive. 

Drawing from the Cast — Ornament and the human figure. 

* For convenience these subjects are given in alternate years, the third- and fourth-year students tak- 
ing them together. In 1887-88 both classes take the work here set down for the fourth year ; in 1888-89, 
that set down for the third year. 



73 



Second Session. 

Mechanics of Fluids, including pressure, buoyancy, and specific gravities, motion in 
pipes and channels, undulation, capillarity, tension and elasticity of gases, the atmos- 
phere, the barometer, barometric formulae, and hypsometry. 

Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of materials — elasticity, mechanical 
laws, application of principles of mechanics to beams, girders and roof trusses under 
various conditions of loading and supports. 

Sanitary Engineering — Drainage of buildings and house lots ; plumbing and water 
supply of buildings. 

* Medioeval Architectural History. 

The History of Ornament — Reports, continued. 

* The Decorative Arts — Stained glass, pottery, etc.; lectures. 

* Business relations ; office papers ; competitions ; legal obligations ; superin- 
tendence. 

Agricultural Design — Alterations and restorations ; problems. 

Geology — Historical. 

Drawing — Historical examples. 

Summer Vacation. 

Memoir. 



Fourth Year. 

(Without distinction of sessions.) 

Civil Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of materials continued — graphical 
methods of determining strains ; deflection of beams and girders ; quantity of material 
in braced girders under various conditions of loading and supports ; angle of economy 
for bracing ; torsion of shafts ; crushing and tensile strength of materials ; working 
strains and working load ; mode of estimating cost of girder work. 

Graphical Statics. 

Sanitary Engineering — Ventilation and warming of buildings. 

Sewerage. 

* Specifications and Working Drawings — Carpentry, painting, glazing, plumbing ; 
iron, lead and copperwork ; tinning and slating ; lectures. 

* Estimates — Quantity, weight, time, labor, cost ; squaring. 

* Modern Architectural History. 

* The History of Painting and Sculpture. 

* The Decorative Arts — Mosaic, fresco, metal works, inlays ; lectures. 

* The Theory of Architecture — The theory of color, the theory' of composition. 
The History of Ornament — Lectures and exercises. 

Economic Geology — Clay, limestones, cements, building and ornamental stones. 

Architectural Design — Problems. 

Project. 

* For convenience these subjects are given in alternate years, the third and fourth-year students tak- 
ing them together. 



74 



VII. — Course in Sanitary Engineering. 

First Year. 

First Session. 

Trigonometry and Mensuration, as contained in Davies' Legendre. 

Physics — Doctrines of heat, viz., expansion, conduction, radiation, thermometry, 
latent heat, tension of vapors, steam, specific heat. Optics — Lectures, and Atkinson's 
Ganot's Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Chemistry — The metals. Lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Drawing — Free-hand and sketching ; lettering, instrumental drawing; projections, 
intersections and developments. Text-book : Binn's Orthographic Projection. 

Second Session. 

Geometrical Conic Sections — Text-book : Peck's Conic Sections. 

Algebra — Text-book : Peck's Manual of Algebra. 

Graphical Algebra — Text-book : Phillips & Beebe's Graphic Algebra. 

Graphics — Descriptive geometry ; text-book : Church's Descriptive Geometry. 

Physics — Magnetism, electricity-static and dynamic, thermo-electricity, induction, 
magneto-electricity, the electric telegraph. Optics — Lectures, and Atkinson's Ganot's 
Physics. 

Botany — Lectures, and Bastin's Elements of Botany. 

Chemistry — Organic ; lectures and recitations ; Fownes' Manual of Chemistry. 

Qualitative Analysis — Lectures, and Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Analysis. 

Drawing — Same as first session. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 

Second Year. 

First Session. 

Analytical Geometry — Text-book : Peck's Analytical Geometry. 

Practical Mining — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

The Elements of Architecture. 

Zoology — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital 
statistics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
air, water, artificial illumination, photography. 

Quantitative Analysis — Lectures, and Cairns' Quantitative Analysis. 

Biology and the use of the Microscope — Lectures and laboratory practice. 

Drawing — Topographical drawing j tinting and grading ; problems in graphics. 



75 



Second Session. 

Differential and Integral Calculus — Text Book : Peck's Practical Calcus. 

Graphics — Shades and Shadows ; perspective, isometrical drawing. 

Stereotomy — Text-book : Mahan's Stone-Cutting. 

Practical Mining — Excavation, quarrying, drilling and blasting, tunnelling. 

The elements of architecture continued. 

Zoology — Lectures, and Nicholson's Manual of Zoology. 

Hygiene — Causes of disease, methods of investigation and of prevention, vital statis- 
tics ; lectures and laboratory practice. 

Applied Chemistry — Lectures and recitations ; Wagner's Chemische Technologie — 
limes, mortars and cements ; building stones ; decay and preservation ; timber and its 
preservation ; pigments, paints, essential oils, varnishes ; glass and ceramics ; explosives : 
gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitro-glycerine ; electro-metallurgy, etc. 

Quantitative Analysis — Lectures, and Cairn's Quantitative Analysis. 

Biology and the Use of the Microscope — Lectures and laboratory practice. 

Drawing — Construction drawing : mapping ; problems in graphics. 

Summer Vacation. 

Surveying — Lectures, recitations and field work ; pacing ; compass and chain sur- 
veys ; topographical work ; use of solar compass in land surveys ; adjustments and use of 
transit and wye level for triangulation ; traversing, city surveying and levelling ; use of 
plane table ; hydrographic surveys. 

Summer class in surveying. 

Third Tear, 
First Session. 

Mechanics of Solids — Including forces, moments, equilibrium, stability, etc., and 
elementary machines ; dynamics, including uniform, varied, rectilineal, and curvilinear 
motion, rotation, vibration, impact, work done, etc. 

• Physics — Mechanical theory of heat. 

Engineering — General principles relating to materials and structures, physically and 
mechanically considered. 

1. Materials — Stone, cements, brick, metals, timber, treated in regard to strength" 
durability, mode of preparation, defects, test of quality, and fitness for special uses. 

2. Structures — Earthwork, execution of earthwork, foundations and supports, super • 
structure, joints ; stability, strength and stiffness of parts ; special rules of construction 
for masonry of public buildings, bridges, retaining walls, arches, railroads, common roads 
and canals. 

Physical Properties of Materials — Pig-iron ; castings, chilled and malleable ; wrought 
iron : bar, shapes, plate, tube and wire ; steel, ingot metal, castings, shapes and plate ; 
other metals and alloys, especially those used in house-drainage and plumbing. 

Sanitary Engineering — Drainage of buildings and house lots ; water supply of 
buildings. 

Quantitative Analysis. 

Geology — Lithological, cosmical and physiographic. 

Drawing — General engineering construction. 



76 



Second Session. 

Mechanics of Fluids — Including pressure, buoyancy and specific gravities, motion in 
pipes and channels, undulation, capillarity, tension and elasticity of gases, the atmosphere, 
the barometer, barometric formulae, and hypsometry. 

Physics — Electricity, physical optics, and the undulatory theory of light (last two 
optional). 

Engineering — Theory of strains and strength of materials — elasticity, mechanical 
laws, application of principles of mechanism to beams, girders, and roof trusses under 
various conditions of loading and supports. 

Physical properties of materials continued from first session. 

Sanitary Engineering — Drainage of buildings and house-lots ; water supply of 
buildings. 

Geology — Historical, including palaeontology, or a systematic review of recent and 
fossil forms of life. 

Drawing — General engineering construction ; machine construction. 

Summer Vacation. 
Memoir. 



Fourth Year. 

(Without distinction of sessions.) 

Civil Engineering — Hydraulic and sanitary engineering, embracing water supply 
for cities and towns, for the purpose of irrigation and improvement of lands ; quantity and 
quality of water required ; rainfall, flows of streams, storage of water, capacity of water- 
sheds, impurities of water ; practical construction of water-works, pumping machinery ; 
clarification of water ; systems of water supply. Disposal of refuse and waste pro- 
ducts \ garbage and offal sewage, etc. ; sewage farming, earth filtration, chemical puri- 
fication. 

Hydraulic Engineering — Application of principles of mechanics of fluids to deter- 
mining the discharge of water over weirs or dams ; the dimensions of conduit pipes ; dis- 
charge of canals and rivers ; the effects of varying forms and sections of channels and of 
obstruction to flow ; the gauging of streams ; retaining walls for reservoirs. 

Machinery and Millwork — 

1. General theory of motion. 

2. Uniform and varied motion. 

3. Composition of motions. 

4. Instantaneous centre and centroids. 

5. Transmissions by rolling and sliding contact, by belting, ropes and chain, by 
shafting and linkages, by fluids. 

6. Engaging gears, reversing and quick-turn motions. 

Dynamics of Machinery — Prime movers, as driven by animal power, water power, 
steam power, compressed or heated air, wind-power, comprising the theory of animal 
power, theory of water-wheels, overshot wheels, undershot wheels, breast wheels, turbines, 
reaction wheels, centifrugal pumps ; properties and laws of heat as applied to the genera- 
tion of steam in steam-boilers, and to heating and ventilation ; properties of steam and 
air in their relation to prime movers ; mechanical theory of heat, applied to steam-engines, 
hot-air engines, compressed air en^in^s ; general description of heat engines of various 
forms ; description and theoiy of ventilating fans or blowers. 



77 



Mechanical Engineering — 

1. Steam boilers : construction, wear and tear, fittings, setting, testing, care and 
management, firing, feeding, injectors, pumps, etc. 

2. Mechanism of engines : valve gearing, link motions, governors, etc. 

3. Management of engines ; erecting, emergencies, special types of engines, etc. 

4. Proportions of engines, etc. » 

5. Testing efficiency of engines and boilers. 

6. Pumps, hoisting engines, ventilating machinery. 

7. Construction and management of hot-air, gas and petroleum engines, etc. 

8. Machine tools. 

Graphical Statics. 

Works of Sewerage — Rainfall and sewers ; influence of geological and topographical 
features of the sites of towns and districts ; discharge of sewers ; intercepting sewers ; 
forms, modes of construction, and materials used ; flushing of sewers and ventilation ; 
traps, outfalls, tide-valves ; subsoil and surface drainage of towns ; house drainage ; the 
drainage of malarial districts of country, the surface and subsoil drainage of the sites of 
cities and towns ; the construction and management of street pavements ; the general 
principles of heating and ventilation of dwelling-houses, halls of assembly, schools, public 
buildings, etc., in connection with sanitary and architectural arrangements. 

The practical designing of house drainage, and of heating and ventilating appar- 
atus for dwelling-houses, public buildings, hospitals, schools, etc ; and methods of com- 
putation and investigation for determining the magnitude of heating furnaces, quantity of 
heating surface, size of blowers or fans for ventilating purposes, size of ventilating air- 
ducts or conduits and passages, and the general arrangements of the sanitary apparatus 
in public and private buildings. 

Sanitary Jurisprudence — Health organizations; the law of nuisance, specifications 
and working drawings, etc. 

Dangerous trades and occupations. 

Drawing — Construction and special ; engineering designing. 

Project or Thesis. 



DEPARTMENTS OF INSTRUCTION. 

Mathematics. 

The students of the first class attend four hours per week throughout the year. In 
the first session they are taught trigonometry, plane, analytical, and spherical, with the 
solution of many practical problems by formulas and by construction ; and the mensura- 
tion of surfaces and of volumes. In the second session they complete the subject of 
algebra, including the general principles and properties of logarithms and the logarithmic 
series, the general theory of equations, embracing the principal transformations and pro- 
perties, derived equations and equal roots, Sturm's theorem and the solution of higher 
equations ; and are also taught geometrical conic sections and graphical algebra. 

The students of the second class attend four hours per week throughout the year. 
In the first session, they complete the subject of analytical geometry, with applications 
to lines and surfaces of the second order ; and in the second, the differential and integral 
calculus, with some of its applications to mechanics and astronomy, as centre of gravity, 
moment of inertia, falling bodies, attraction of homogeneous spheres, orbital motion, law 
of force, etc. 



78 



Mechanics. 

This subject is taught during the third year. The course of instruction embraces, 
the following subjects : 

Representation and measurement of forces ; composition, resolution, and equilibrium 
of forces ; principles of moments and virtual moments ; theory of parallel forces ; appli- 
cation to centre of gravity ; stability.- 

Elementary machines : friction, resistance to rolling, stiffness of cords, atmospheric 
resistance. 

General equations of motion : rectilinial, uniform, and uniformly varied motion ; 
curvilinear motion, free and constrained ; centrifugal force ; application to the governor ; 
vibratory motion ; application to the pendulum ; motions of translation and rotation ; 
moment of inertia, principal axes, and ellipsoid of inertia ; laws of impact; centre of per- 
cussion ; general theorem of work ; accumulation of work ; application to fly-wheel. 

Mechanics of fluids : pressure due to weight ; equal transmission of pressures ; 
application to hydraulic press ; buoyancy and flotation ; application to specific gravity. 

Tension and elasticity of gases and vapors : laws of variation ; application to pumps 
and siphons ; investigation of the barometer formula ; motion of liquids in pipes and 
open channels ; living force of fluids ; application to hydraulic ram ; mechanics of 
capillarity. 

Physics. 

The students of the first class are occupied during the first term with the subject of 
heat, including the steam engine, and with the subject of acoustics ; during the second 
term, in the study of optics, voltaic electricity, magnetism, and electro-magnetism. The 
courses are fully illustrated by appropriate experiments, and practical problems are 
occasionally proposed for solution. 

To the students of the third class, courses of lectures are delivered on the laws of 
electrostatics and electrodynamics, electrical constants, dynamo-electrical machines, electric 
lighting, etc., on the mechanical theory of heat, on mathematical optics, and on the 
undulatory theory of light. The lectures, except those on the mechanical theory of heat, 
are fully illustrated by experiments. 

The cabinet of physical apparatus will rank with the best on this continent, and 
extensive additions are made to it each year. 

Chemistry. 
I. — General Chemistry. 

The first class, in all courses, attends two lectures a week in the chemistry of the 
metals during the first term. The class is divided into four sections, each of which; 
recites once a week to the assistant instructor. It is intended to lay the foundation of a 
thorough knowledge of the theory of the subject preliminary to the practical instruction 
in the chemical laboratory. For this purpose the students are drilled upon the lectures, 
with free use of a text-book. They are expected to write out full notes. At the end of 
the term they must pass a rigid examination before being admitted to a higher grade. In 
the course of analytical and applied chemistry, attendance is required twice a week, dur- 
ing the second term, in chemical physics. 

During the second term the students of the first class in the courses of analytical 
and applied chemistry and of sanitary engineering attend two lectures and one recitation 
per week in organic chemistry. 

During the second term of the first year the students in the course of analytical and 
applied chemistry attend two recitations per week in chemical physics. 

The second class, in the course of analytical and applied chemistry, attends four 
recitations per week throughout the year, in Cooke's Chemical Philosophy. 



79 



II. — Analytical Chemistry. 

There is a laboratory devoted to qualitative analysis, another to quantitative analysis, 
and an assay laboratory. These laboratories are provided with all the necessary apparatus 
and fixtures, and each is under the special charge of a competent instructor, with an 
assistant. Each student is provided with a convenient table, with drawers and cup- 
boards, and is supplied with a complete outfit of apparatus and chemical reagents. 

During the first year, qualitative analysis is taught by lectures, blackboard exercises, 
and recitations, and the student is required to repeat all the experiments at his table in 
the laboratory. The class is divided into four sections, each of which recites once a week 
to the assistant instructor. Having acquired a thorough experimental knowledge of the 
reactions of a group of bases or acids, single members of the group or mixtures are sub- 
mitted to him for identification. He thus proceeds from simple to complex cases, till he 
is able to determine the composition of the most difficult mixtures. 

When the student shows, on written and experimental examinations, that he is 
sufficiently familiar with qualitative analysis, he is allowed to enter the quantitative 
laboratory. 

During the second and third years, quantitative analysis is taught by lectures and 
recitations, and the student is required to execute in the laboratory in a satisfactory 
manner, a certain number of analyses. He first analyses substances of known composi- 
tion, such as crystallized salts, that the accuracy of his work may be tested by a com- 
parison of his results with the true percentages*. 

These analyses are repeated till he has acquired sufficient skill to insure accurate 
results. He is then required to make analyses of more complex substances, such as coal, 
limestones, ores of copper, iron, zinc, and nickel, pig-iron, slags, air, water, foods, dis- 
infectants, technical products, etc., — cases in which the accuracy of the work is deter- 
mined by duplicating the analyses and by comparing the results of different analyses. 

Volumetric methods are employed whenever they are more accurate or more 
expeditious than the gravimetric methods, In this way each student acquires practical 
experience in the chemical analyses of the ores and products which he is most likely to 
meet in practice. 

The Summer School in Chemistry. — The qualitative and quantitative laboratories 
will be opened from June 15th to September 15th, for students in qualitative, quantitative, 
and sanitary analysis. The instruction will be by lectures, recitations, and laboratory 
practice. Examinations will be held for all those who wish certificates of proficiency. 

727. — Organic Chemistry. 

The general principles of this subject are taught by lectures and recitations during 
the second session of the second year. More detailed instruction is given to the students 
in the course of analytical and applied chemistry during the fourth year, when they are 
admitted to the organic laboratory. This instruction continues during the entire year, 
and consists of lectures, recitations, informal blackboard conferences in the laboratory, 
and analytical and synthetical work at the laboratory table. 

The laboratory work of each student consists of : 

(1) Ultimate analyses, including determinations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen 
sulphur, and haloid elements in organic substances ; determination of vapor densities' 
specific gravities, melting and boiling points, and calculation of formula. 

(2) Preparation by synthesis, of* a limited number of organic compounds. The 
student is taught to apply, experimentally, the reactions learned in the lecture-room, the 
object being to familiarize him with the various methods of synthesis. 

(3) Applications of organic chemistry to the arts ; especially the use of the artificial 
coloring matters, prepared by the students, such as rosanilin, alizarin, indigo, etc., to dye- 
ing and calico printing, and the testing of commercial colors and mordants. 

(4) A complete but concise memoir on each substance prepared, including its 
history, preparation, constitution, properties, applications, and a list of references to its 
literature. 



80 



/ V. — Assaying. 

During the third year, the student is admitted to the assay laboratory, where he is 
provided with a suitable table and a set of assay apparatus, and where he has access to 
the sampling and ore-testing machinery, crucible and muffle furnaces, and to volumetric 
apparatus for the assay of alloys. 

The course includes : 

1. Lectures and recitations. 2. Practical work. 

The lectures treat of and describe the furnaces, fuels, apparatus, reagents, etc., 
employed, and explain the general principles as well as the special methods of sampling 
and assaying. Models and lantern views of the furnaces and apparatus are shown, and 
the ores of the various metals and the appropriate fluxes are exhibited and described. 
The recitations follow the lectures, and are held by the assistant instructor, the class being 
divided into small sections for the purpose. 

The practical work includes the testing of reagents and small samples of ore, practice 
on methods, and special work to familiarize the student with sampling large lots of ore, 
and to give practice in mill and furnace assay. 

The student is supplied with the different ores, and is required to assay each, under 
the immediate supervision of the instructor. 

To facilitate the assay of ores of the precious metals, a system of weights has been 
introduced, by which the weight of the silver or gold globule obtained shows at once, 
without calculation, the number of troy ounces in a ton of ore. 

To furnish necessary facilities for practical work, the following plant has been pro- 
vided : 

1st. — Arrangements for sampling large and small lots of ore. These consist of 
crushers, rolls, sizing sieves, Hendrie and Bolthoff pulverizer, sampling and grinding 
plates. 

2nd. — Appliances for milling and amalgamation, such as small stamp mill, plates, 
steam -jacketed pan, settler, retorting apparatus for amalgam, etc. 

3rd. — Concentration appliances, both by hand and machine work, such as pans, jigs, 
Frue Yanner, Golden Gate concentrator, etc. 

4th. — Furnaces for roasting and smelting, with small plant for making leaching tests 
of chloridized ore. 

The machinery is run by one fifteen-horse power engine. In order to make the plant 
as practical as possible, the arrangement, as far as space will permit, is the same as is 
usual in milling and concentrating ores on a large scale. In following out the course of 
instruction, lots of 500 lbs. of ore in lump are given out to the students, who are required 
to sample and assay the same, and then, from the assay and mineral characteristics of the 
ore, determine upon a method of treatment. If the ore is one which should be concen- 
trated, the students to whom the sample is assigned will size it, concentrate by different 
methods, assay the concentrates, middlings, tailings, etc., and make .up a clear statement 
as to the method and the results, giving an opinion, founded upon the facts observed, as 
to how the ore should be treated. 

V. — Applied Chemistry. . 

The instruction in applied chemistry extends through the second, third, and fourth 
years, and consists of lectures and recitations illustrated by experiments, diagrams, and 
specimens. Wagner's Chemische Technologie is used as a text-book. 

The subjects discussed are : 

In the Second Year. 
(For all students.) 

I. Air : natilre, sources of contamination, sewer gas, plumbing, draining, disinfection, 
ventilation. 

II. Water : composition of natural waters, pollution, disposal of sewage and house 
refuse. 



81 



III. Artificial illumination : candles, oils, and lamps, petroleum, gas and its products, 
electric light. 

IV. Photography. 

V. Limes, mortars, and cements. 

"VI. Building stones : decay and preservation. 

VII. Timber and its preservation : pigments, paints, essential oils, varnishes, pre- 
serving process. 

VIII. Glass and ceramics. 

IX. Explosives : gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitro-glycerine, etc. 

X. Electro-metallurgy. 

In the Third and Fourth Years. 

(For students in the course of Analytical and applied chemistry.) 

I. Chemical manufactures : acids, alkalies, and salts. 

(1) Sulphur, sulphurous acid, hyposulphites, sulphuric acid, bisulphide of carbon, etc. 

(2) Common salt, soda ash, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, binoxide of manganese, 
bleaching powder, chlorates, chlorimetry, etc. 

(3) Carbonate of potash, caustic potash. 

(4) Nitric acid and nitrates. 

(5) Iodine, bromine, etc. 

(6) Sodium, aluminium, magnesium. 

(7) Phosphorus, matches, etc. 

(8) Ammonia salts. 

(9) Cyanides. 

(10) Alum, copperas, blue vitriol, salts of magnesia, baryta, strontia, etc. 

(11) Borates, stannates, tungstates, chromates, etc. 

(12) Salts of mercury and silver. 

(13) Oils, fats, soaps, glycerine. 

II. Food and drink : milk, cereals, starch, bread, meat, tea, coffee sugar, fermenta- 
tion, wine, beer, spirits, vinegar, preservation of food, etc. 

III. Clothing : textile fabrics, bleaching, dyeing, calico, printing, paper, tanning, 
glue, india-rubber, gutta-percha, etc. 

IV. Fertilizers : guano, superphosphates, poudrettes, etc. 

Geology and Paleontology. 

The course of instruction in this department is as follows : 

Second Year. 
\ 
Botany and zoology, as an introduction to palaeontology — lectures throughout the 
year. 

Third Year. 

Lithology : minerals which form rocks and rock masses of the different classes — lectures 
and practical exercises. 

Geology : cosmical, physiographic, and historical — lectures and conferences through- 
out the year. 

Fourth Year. 

Economic geology . theory of mineral veins ; ores ; deposits and distribution of iron, 
copper, lead, gold, silver, mercury, and other metals ■ graphite, coal, lignite, peat, asphalt, 
petroleum, salt, clay, limestone, cements, building and ornamental stones, etc., — lectures 
and conferences throughout the year. 

7 (T.E.) 






82 
Mineralogy and Metallurgy. 



The studies in mineralogy continue throughout two years. During the first year the 
students are instructed in the use of the blowpipe, in crystallography, and in theoretical 
mineralogy. 

The instruction in blowpipe analysis is entirely practical, and lasts through the first 
half of the year. It consists in instruction how to use the different flames, and in teaching 
the students how to examine mixtures, alloys, and natural compounds, so that they are ablo 
to determine with ease the constituents of a mixture containing a large number of simple 
substances. In order to do this, substances whose composition they know are given to them, 
upon which they are required to perform all the characteristic reactions which take place 
in the different flames with the different fluxes. After they are sufficiently familiar with 
the behavior of substances, the composition of which they know, they are given sub- 
stances, the composition of which they do not know, to determine. 

The collection of blowpipe substances consists of four hundred alloys, mixtures, and 
minerals. Students are taught to examine, qualitatively, all the different commercial 
alloys, and a large number of the natural combinations which exist in minerals. The 
blowpipe laboratory is a large, well-ventilated room to which the students have access at 
all hours of the day, where each student has a drawer with a lock, assigned to him,. 
which he retains until the close of the term. 

At the commencement of the second term the lectures on crystallography commence. 
They embrace the entire subject of crystallography, including the descriptions of both 
normal and distorted forms, for the study of which the students have access to a collec- 
tion of over 300 models in wood, embracing all the theoretical forms. Besides this collec- 
tion, they have the use of the collection of 150 models in glass, and have access to the 
collection of minerals, most of the species of which are illustrated by models in wood,, 
showing the perfect and distorted crystallographic forms. 

. Conferences are held during the term, in which the students are required to deter- 
mine models of the theoretical forms as well as those found in minerals. They are also 
taught theoretical mineralogy, including the optical and physical properties of minerals, 
the lectures being illustrated by a very complete set of apparatus, presented by F. A. 
Schermerhorn, and a cabinet containing a large number of sections of minerals for lantern 
and instrumental use. For the study of sections the students are taught the use of Groth's 
polariscope and of goniometers. 

At the commencement of the second year the students begin the study of practical 
mineralogy. They are required to determine minerals by the eye, or by asking questions 
with regard to those characteristics which cannot be determined without experiment. 
They are required to give the name, the composition, the crystalline form, and the pro- 
minent chemical and physical characteristics of the mineral they determine. To facilitate 
this work they have unrestricted access to a collection of over 3,000 carefully labelled 
specimens on which they are allowed to make any experiments. They have besides con- 
stant access to the cabinet of minerals, which contains ar»out 30,000 specimens, arranged 
in table cases to show the different characteristics of minerals, and about 3,000 specimens 
arranged in wall cases to show their associations. The crystals of minerals are arranged 
upon pedestals in such a way that they can be readily seen and examined by the 
students. 

At the commencement of the second term of the second year they are required to 
determine such minerals as they are likely to find in the field, by testing them with a 
blowpipe and such reagents and instruments as they are likely to have in the outfit of 
an ordinary survey. 

The instruction in mineralogy for civil engineers is given in the second year of the 
course. It comprises a brief course in blowpipe analysis, sufficient for the determination 
of simple mixtures and minerals, a series of lectures upon the rock-forming minerals, 
their occurrence, their effect upon building stones, and the methods for their determinar 
tion, and the study of these minerals in a special collection. 



83 



Most of the instruments in this department were presented to the school by D. Willis, 
James, C. It. Agnew, and the late G-ouverneur Kemble. The collection of minerals was 
founded by a valuable collection presented as the first donation to the school, before it 
was opened in 1864, by the late George T. Strong of this city. It was shortly afterward 
supplemented by another collection presented by the late Gouverneur Kemble, containing 
many autographs and specimens from the cabinet of of Hauy. As these^ collections were 
both very rich in duplicates, very many valuable additions have been made to the cabinet 
by exchange. Collections were also made in Europe during several years by the professor 
in charge, having the necessities of the collection of the school in view, and were presented 
to the school through the generosity of Morris K. Jesup, Wm. E. Dodge, jr., D. S. Egleston, 
0. Lanier, and J. Crearer of this city, and the late John H. Caswell, Wm. H. Aspinwall 5i 
and R. P. Parrott. 

77. — Metallurgy. 

The lectures in metallurgy continue through two years, and discuss in detail the 
methods in use in the best establishments in this country and in Europe for working ores, 
They embrace : 

(a) General metallurgy. 

(b) The metallurgy of iron. 

(c) The metallurgy of steel. 

(d) The metallurgy of the metals. 

(a) General Metallurgy. — The lectures in general metallurgy embrace the subjects of 
combustion, fire-clays, furnaces, natural fuels (wood, peat, lignite, bituminous and anthra-. 
cite coals), artificial fuels (charcoal, peat charcoal, and combustible gases manufactured 
in producers), chimneys, the different kinds of blast engines, regulators, hob-blast ovens, 
and tuyeres. 

(b) The Metallurgy of Iron. — The metallurgy of iron consists in the discussion of the 
general properties of iron ores and slags, lifts, the theory of the blast-furnace process (the 
causes of variation in the working produced by the blast, by the fuels, by the variations in 
the charge, and by the form of the furnace), the effects of moisture, the methods of 
ascertaining the cost, the calculations of the heat developed and lost in the furnace, 
molding, melting the iron in crucibles, cupolas, and reverberatory furnaces, the methods 
of making the moulds, the precautions required in casting, and the manufacture of mal- 
leable cast-iron. 

In the manufacture of wrought-iron from cast-iron, there are discussed : the German, 
process and its modifications, the English processes, including fining, the dry and boiling 
processes in puddling, stationary and rotary furnaces, shears, hammers, squeezers, saws, 
rolls, reheating in ordinary and regenerator furnaces, two- and three-high trains, and the 
method of calculating cost of wrought-iron. 

In the direct processes of the manufacture of iron from the ore the Catalan process 
and its derivatives are discussed. 

(c) The Metallurgy of Steel. — In the metallurgy of steel there are discussed the pro- 
cesses of manufacture of : low-furnace and puddled steel, cement steel, crucible steel, basic 
and acid Siemens-Martin steel, basic and acid Bessemer steel, the utilization of scrap iron, 
and the manufacture of sheet-iron, nails, wire, and rails. 

(d) The Metallurgy of the Metals : 

Copper. — The lectures on copper include : the treatment of native copper ; the treat- 
ment of pure sulphurous ores by the Swedish, German and mixed methods, in Europe 
and the United States ; the treatment of rich pure ores; the treatment of impure ores in the 
Hartz mountains and in the United Stases ; the treatment of very poor ores by lixivia- 
tion ; the treatment of rich and pure ores by the English methods in the reverberatory 
furnace in the United States and Europe, and the treatment of rich and impure ores in 
the same furnace ; the treatment of oxidized ores in the United States and Europe ; the 
mixed methods in Europe and in the United States ; the treatment of oxides, and the 
wet methods. 



84 



Lead. — The lectures on lead include : the method of roasting and reaction in France, 
England and the United States ; the method of roasting and reduction ; method by pre- 
cipitation in France, Germany, and the West ; the mixed method in France, Germany, 
and the West ; the refining of lead ; the extraction of silver by the Pattinson method and 
by zinc ; cupellation. and condensation of volatile products. 

Silver. — The lectures on silver include : the treatment of silver ores in furnaces in 
Germany and in the United States ; the separation of silver by Saxon, Mexican, or pan 
amalgamation ; the treatment in the wet way, by Augustin's method, Ziervogel's method, 
Von Patera's method, and Russel's method, and the refining of silver. 

Gold. — The lectures on gold include : washing, sluicing, hydraulic mining, Plattner's 
process, parting gold and silver. 

Tin. — The lectures on tin include : the treatment of tin in shaft furnaces and in 
reverberatory furnaces. 

Zinc. — The lectures on zinc include : the Silesian, Belgian, and English methods. 

Mercury. — The lectures on mercury include : the treatment of ores of mercury by 
precipitation and by roasting. 

There are also discussed the treatments of ores of antimony, nickel and cobalt, and 
bismuth. 

It is designed to make these lectures as practical as possible, and for this purpose the 
economic details of cost are given whenever they can be obtained from authentic sources. 
Special attention is given to the ores of this country which are difficult to treat, to the 
solution of practical problems which may occur, and to changes which different economic 
relations are liable to cause in the treatment of the same ore in different localities. 

During the year the students of both classes are questioned once a week by an 
assistant, and the points not thoroughly understood are further explained. 

Nearly a thousand lecture diagrams and the same number of photographic illustra- 
tions, for use in the lantern, have been prepared to illustrate the furnaces, machines, and 
appliances used in the different metallurgical works, as well as to illustrate the construc- 
tion of furnaces, etc. 

The collections illustrating the department of metallurgy include models of furnaces 
and a very large number of drawings and tracings, in most cases copies from the working 
drawings of establishments in actual operation. This collection embraces several hundred 
tracings collected from the best types of works in this country and abroad, many of them 
being sufficiently detailed to be used as construction drawings. 

The metallurgical collection, properly speaking, embraces about 3,000 specimens, 
illustrating every stage of all the prominent metallurgical processes. Many of these 
specimens have been analyzed or assayed. They are constantly open to the inspection of 
the students. 

As an application of the lectures, the students are required to work out a project 
and to present working drawings and estimates for the erection of works to treat a given 
ore under stated conditions. The problems given are those which require solution in some 
parts of the United States. 

Engineering. 

Engineering, in its widest sense, involves applications of the sciences of physics, 
mechanics and chemistry to a great variety of problems met with in works and enterprises 
of a public and private nature or of an industrial character, in which the employment of 
materials, the building of structures, the use of machinery, the utilization of natural 
resources, or the protection or improvement of the ways of commerce are essential and 
important elements and conditions. The educated engineer, whatever may be the branch 
of the profession to which he devotes himself, should, therefore, have a thorough founda- 
tion of knowledge in certain subjects of common application — for example, free-hand 
and instrumental drawing, mathematics, physics, and mechanics, and the application of 
these sciences to the resistance of materials, to machinery, to structures of iron and wood 
and masonry; the flow of streams inartificial channels required for water-works, drainage, 



85 



and for sanitary purposes ; the theory of heat as applicable to air and steam in their 
various uses, in ventilation, etc. 

The courses in mining engineering and civil engineering are, therefore, identical in 
all that pertains to these subjects. 

It is essential, however, that in each of these branches of engineering, the subjects 
technically appertaining to each should receive as great a share of the attention of the 
students in the courses in mining and civil engineering respectively, as possible in the 
short period devoted to collegiate instruction. 

The mining engineer encounters in his practice questions which are rarely met with 
in civil engineering — for example, the results of experience in the searching for, winning, 
and exploitation of mineral deposits, special problems in ventilation and drainage ; while, 
on the other hand, he is seldom or never called upon to discuss questions which are com- 
mon and important in the practice of civil engineering, such as the supply of water to. 
towns and cities, and other sanitary works on a large scale, the erection of extensive 
public buildings, the improvement of harbors and rivers, works of irrigation, the builds 
ing of extended bridges, etc. 

The arrangement of the two courses in engineering has been made under the above 
views of the subject, utilizing, as it does, in the best manner, the time of the instructors, 
and avoiding a repetition of the same instruction to different classes. 

The collateral branches of study for the engineering courses, chemistry, metallurgy, 
geology, subjects quite as essential to mining and civil engineers as physics and mechanics, 
have also been assigned to these two courses, in accordance with the general requirements 
of the respective professions. 

/. — Drawing, Descriptive Geometry, etc. 

The course in drawing embraces instrumental drawing, descriptive geometry, shades, 
shadows, and perspective, stone-cutting, isometric drawing, topographical and geological 
drawing, drawings of engineering constructions and machinery. 

The first year is devoted to the elements of instrumental drawing, the use of instru^ 
ments, lettering, projections of objects, plans, sections and elevations, intersection of 
solids and of surfaces, and the development of surfaces. 

During the vacation which follows, the execution of sketches from nature and from 
engineering and architectural constructions is required. 

During the second year, the first session is occupied in the study of descriptive 
geometry, in grading and tinting, as well as in topographical drawing. 

The instruction in these subjects requires all problems and illustrations to be care- 
fully and neatly executed on the drawing-board, and the principles of construction 
explained by the student in oral examinations. 

During the second session, the subjects of shades and shadows, perspective and iso- 
metrical drawing, and stone-cutting, are taken up in the same manner. Practice ia 
also given in drawing the simple elements of architecture, such as the plans of private 
and public buildings, showing the details of walls, floors, windows, and door casings, etc. 

The drawing of the third year includes work from models and from blue prints, etc., 
furnished by various machine shops and engineering firms. General engineering con- 
struction drawing is taught first ; then a systematic method of machine construction 
drawing, accompanied by lectures. Maps are also drawn from field-work executed by 
the students themselves. 

During the vacation which follows, the necessary drawings for memoirs are made. 

The drawing and engineering designing of the fourth year are intimately connected. 
A variety of strain sheets of graphic statics are first drawn, and the remainder of the 
time is devoted to the designing of engineering structures, including the making of bills 
of materials and complete working drawings. 

The whole course of drawing is progressive, and embraces nearly 100 sheets, each 
succeeding sheet being illustrative of a principle of construction or an advance toward 
more difficult methods or combinations ; and it is designed to qualify students for the, 
execution of all kinds of drawing and the most difficult constructions. 



86 



77. — Surveying. 

The instruction in surveying is given in a special summer class during the vacation 
between the second and third years. Six weeks are devoted to practical work in the field, 
supplemented by lectures and instruction in the theory of surveying, and office work for 
the computation of surveys and construction of maps. 

The students are divided into squads of two men, each squad being provided with 
instruments, and required to execute a certain number of surveys. Each survey is pre- 
ceded by class exercises, intended to familiarize the students with the details of the work, 
and each survey forms the subject of a report, with computations, maps, etc. 

At first these surveys and exercises are without instruments, the students being 
drilled in methods of ascertaining distances and making rough surveys by pacing, and by 
employing the height of the body, the length of the arm, etc., for making measurements 
when instruments are not available. 

These exercises are followed by others with chain, sight-poles, hand-level, and other 
equally simple forms of apparatus, and by a topographical survey, showing the applica- 
tion of such rough and rapid methods of work for reconnoissance surveys demanding 
approximate accuracy only. Next the students make surveys with the ordinary surveyor's 
compass and chain, and with the solar compass, and magnetic surveys with the attraction 
compass and dipping needle. 

Finally, they are practised in the adjustments and use of the more accurate instru- 
ments, including field-work in triangulation, traversing, and levelling, and surveys with 
the plane table. 

The following exercises and surveys are required of each squad of students : — 

1. Exercises for determining length of pace, and practice in pacing. 

2. Survey of a field by pacing. 

3. Exercises in sketching contour lines and topographical details — two examples. 

4. Exercises in chaining over level and sloping ground, and in construction of right 
angles and parallel lines with chain. 

5. Exercises in ranging straight lines with sight-poles under different conditions. 

6. Exercise in reading compass bearings. 

7. Survey, with compass and chain, of a farm of about twenty acres, including loca- 
tion of fences, roads, and farm buildings, ■ correction of bearings for local attraction, 
computation of latitudes, departures and area, and a plat. 

8. Adjustment of hand-level and exercise in levelling. 

9. Topographical survey on rectangular plan, with compass, chain, and hand-level, 
determining minor details by pacing, with finished map of area surveyed. 

10. Adjustments of the transit. 

11. Triangulation. As an exercise for practice in the use of the transit each squad 
is required to make three or four sets of readings of each angle of a triangle, each set 
including six repetitions. 

12. Determination of true meridian, by observation on Polaris. 

13. Traverse of a polygon of about twelve sides, the angles being repeated and the 
sides measured with a steel tape, with allowances for catenary, temperature, and inclina- 
tion. Computation of ordinates and abscissas, and a plat. 

14. Adjustment of telemeter wires and measurement of distances by telemeter. 

15. Azimuth traverse of a polygon, distances by telemeter readings. 

16. Oity survey. Exercise in laying out city lots and in determining exact position 
t>f house and fence lines — report and plat. 

17. Adjustments of the wye level. 

18. Line of levels, about one mile in length, determining levels of stations 100 feet 
^part, and of benches. 



87 



19. Plane-table survey. Each squad of two men is required to make a survey of 
about 70 acres, determining all topographical details, and locating contours 20 feet apart. 

20. XJ. S. mineral survey, with the solar compass, of a mining claim 150 feet by 
1500, complying with the requirements of the Land Office and the instructions of the 
Surveyor-General. 

21. Hydrographic survey. For this survey the squads are increased to six men, and 
'each squad is required to survey about 30 acres, making about 250 soundings, each 
sounding being located by two transits. 

The mining-claim survey is required of students in the courses of mining engineering 
and metallurgy, and the hydrographic survey of students in the course of civil 
engineering. 

22. A magnetic survey with attraction compass and dipping needle, and a strati- 
graphic survey, with construction of geological sections and lines of outcrops, may 
replace, for students in mining engineering, one or more of the exercises above noted. 

In the vacation between the third and fourth years, the students of mining 
engineering, during the session of the summer school of practical mining, make under- 
ground surveys and construct maps and sections of the mines visited. 

During the fourth year a line of railroad is surveyed, locating the line on the ground, 
setting grade and slope stakes, levelling, and calculation of cuttings and embankments, 
drawings and estimates. la addition, the coarse in railroad engineering for the civil 
engineers embraces practical lectures on railroad construction, permanent way, rolling 
stock, motive power, and administration of railroads, with instruction in the economics 
of location and transportation. 

III. GLivil Engineering. 

Instruction in civil engineering extends through the third and fourth years. 

During the third year, the more simple elements of civil engineering and surveying 
are taught. In civil engineering the various subjects are considered in the following 
order : first, materials — building stones, limes, cements, mortar, concrete, brick, wood, 
metals ; their properties and general qualities, mode of preparation, and their respective 
uses, and combinations in construction, their strength and durability : second, masonry 
— construction of masonry, retaining walls, arches, etc. : third, framing — structures of 
wood, carpentry : fourth, stone and wooden bridges — descriptions of various kinds of 
wood and iron trusses in use, suspension bridges, etc , general principles of roof con- 
struction : fifth, common-road construction — general principles of railway construction ; 
construction of canals, general principles of rivers, slack-water navigation, etc. 

The course of civil engineering in the fourth year embraces the principles of 
mechanics applied to engineering constructions and to machinery, the strength of ma- 
terials, the theory of retaining walls and arches, and the methods of determining the 
dimensions of the parts of iron roof and bridge trusses, by means of the stresses to which 
they are subjected, the theory of such structures and the details of practical construc- 
tion ; the principles of hydraulics applied to the improvements of rivers, the water 
supply of towns, reservoirs, dams, etc. ; and the general principles of sanitary engineering, 
drainage, sewers, house drainage, and ventilation. 

A course of lectures, fifty or sixty in number, is delivered during the third year to 
students in civil and mining engineering on the properties of the metals used in 
engineering constructions. These lectures are devoted principally to iron and steel, but 
include also other metals and alloys. They treat of the mechanical processes by which 
these metals are transformed into the shapes required by the engineer, from the crude 
state in which they are found, after reduction by metallurgical processes from their ores. 
The physical properties of such fabricated materials, under the various uses and condi- 
tions to which they are subjected in engineering construction, are also treated. The 
lectures are intended to cover, as far as possible, a field of knowledge which of late years 
has grown into great importance and prominence as an essential branch of an engineer's 
acquirements, and which connects the science of metallurgy with the art and practice of 



88 



engineering. This field embraces not only the arts of fabrication of merchant forms, 
but also the physical and mechanical properties of the metals in such forms : such as 
coefficients of strength, limits of elasticity, ductility, adaptability for particular uses and 
different conditions, etc., which vary greatly with the processes through which the metals 
have passed, and yet from their nature required to be treated in connection with 
engineering problems. Instruction is also given in inspection and testing of these 
materials delivered under contract, embracing the usual practical, physical tests, and 
the relations so far as known between chemical analysis and physical characteristics. 

In view of the paramount importance of iron and steel to the engineer of to-day, 
considerable time is devoted to these metals. The inspection and grading of pig-iron, 
and the suitability of different grades for various kinds of castings ; cupola furnaces and 
cupola mixtures and their effects upon product ; special dangers inherent in castings 
of certain shapes ; principle in design of castings ; shrinkage strains and lines of weak- 
ness in castings ; defects due to cores and to moulds ; resistance of cast-iron to corrosion 
and protection from it ; inspection of castings — these are included in a first series. 

Chilled castings — their characteristics, uses, production, and dangers — and malleable 
castings are similarly treated, including their action under heat and under tools, and the 
brazing of castings. 

Under the head of wrought iron are discussed : piling, heating and rolling of muck 
bar ; effects of heating and rolling on merchant bar ; forge uses and tests of bar ; require- 
ments of metal for plate, for tube, for wire, and for special forged shapes, such as bolts,. 
etc. ; heating, piling, and rolling for shapes or structural iron ; points of defect, charac- 
teristics of different shapes, adaptability for different uses ; possible sections and areas ; 
combination of sections ; protection from corrosion ; inspection of structural iron ; fabri- 
cation of ship and boiler plate ; methods and processes, properties, defects, requirements,, 
and inspection ; fabrication of tube and pipe, lgp and butt welded ; continuous and 
universal mills, bending, welding, and straightening rolls, swaging, testing, and tool 
work ; fittings, forms, and uses. 

TJnder the head of steel are treated : properties of crucible steel resulting from its 
manufacture, such as uniformity of temper, adaptability for tools and cutters ; Bessemer 
and Siemens-Martin steels ; properties of ingot metals, mill and furnace treatment for 
shapes, springs, tires, bars, and plate ; characteristics of ingot plate, effects of alloying 
impurities ; steel castings ; their production, characteristics and defects ; iron and 
steel forging : drop forging, die forging, machine forgings, large and small, heating and 
handling, excellences and sources of defects ; burnt iron and. steel. 

Incidentally to these topics is discussed the machinery for handling the materials 
in process of manufacture, so far as they are essential to the primary object in view. 

After iron and steel follow lectures upon a similar plan, discussing brass — cast, 
rolled, and drawn, copper sheet sand tubes, lead pipe and sheets, zinc and tin — sheet 
and tube, and galvanized and tin plate, certain alloys for special needs against friction, 
corrosion, etc., and the brazing and soldering processes for the various metals receive 
attention at the close. 

The students in the civil-engineering course are also instructed in the principles of 
mechanism, beginning with the general theory of motion ; the principles of transmission 
of motion, the various modes of mechanical connection, the calculation of relative 
velocities of moving pieces of machinery, valve-gearing, and the mechanism, movements, 
and construction of machinery in practice ; the dynamics of machinery or the determi- 
nation of the relations between the forces which act upon machines and the general 
application of mechanics to machines ; the study of prime movers, including steam- 
engines, hot-air engines, and water-wheels ; the theory and construction of steam-boilers, 
and the general principles of heat, as applied to air and vapors. 

IV. Mining Engineering. 

The course of mining engineering is the same as that in civil engineering, in drawing 
and surveying, except that the students of mining have additional instruction in under- 
ground surveying and geological reconnoissance. The courses in mining and civil 



89 



engineering are also identical during the third year in all that relates to materia] s and 
general principles of engineering constructions, excepting that the course in mining 
engineering is intended to be more extended in the principles of mechanism and con- 
struction of machinery, and less extended in the detailed principles of roof and bridge 
construction, hydraulics as applied to river improvements, sanitary engineering, water 
supply of towns, etc. 

During the second and third years, the course in mining engineering embraces lec- 
tures on practical mining, or miner's work, including excavation of clays, peat, bog-iron 
ore, and other easily worked materials ; quarrying for extraction of large blocks of stone, 
marble, etc. ; blasting, drilling tools, hand-boring, use of explosives ; well-boring, by 
hand for exploration, and machine-boring ; sinking of shafts and slopes, timbering 
and driving of adits and levels ; in the use of picks and gads in the mining of coal, 
salt, fire-clay, and other soft rocks, coal-cutting machines, mining of ores and hard 
rocks, handling of excavated mineral in working places, underground transportation, 
tramming by man or animal power ; mechanical haulage with chains or wire rope, and 
by underground locomotives ; accidents to men, their cause and prevention ; organiza- 
tion and administration ; mine book-keeping accounts with men, time-books, pay-roll, 
analysis and dissection of mine accounts and making out of cost sheets. 

Attendance upon the summer class of practical mining is obligatory for students 
of mining engineering. The class visits mines and engages in underground work and 
the study of mine plant and method, under the immediate direction of competent 
instructors. 

The instruction in mining engineering during the fourth year is the same as 
for the civil engineers in all that relates to the general dynamics of machinery, and to 
the application of the principles of mechanics to engineering construction and to the 
physical properties of materials. It is more extended in the application of machinery 
to mining purposes, especially in connection with the use of compressed air, pumping 
and ventilating machinery, and hoisting machinery. 

It embraces also the study of mineral deposits ; classification and description of 
veins, beds, and masses, and their geological characteristics, interruptions and inter- 
sections, methods of prospecting, of reaching deposits, of prosecuting the underground 
workings, and methods of making and supporting excavations made .for special purposes, 
junctions of levels, chambers for machines, and of making and supporting excavations in 
watery strata ; proper provision for pumping and ventilation ; general principles to be 
observed in laying out, opening and working mines, and methods applicable to special 
deposits, such as narrow and wide veins or lodes, thick and thin seams of coal ; 
hydraulic mining, etc.; also instruction in the proper administration of mining works, 
exterior transportation, mine regulations, etc. 

A course of lectures on ore dressing includes the general principles of ore dressing, 
preliminary hand dressing, and sorting and preliminary cleansing and sizing ; crushing 
by hand and with machinery ; cleansing in ditches and troughs, in sieves, trommels, and 
by special machines ; sizing, bar gratings, and other stationery screens, riddles, revolving 
screens, concentration of coarse and fine material by jigs, buddies, tables, etc., ; illustra- 
tions from American and foreign practice ; mechanical preparation of coal and other 
minerals, and the concentration and purification of copper, lead, iron and other ores. 

Sanitary Engineering. 

The course in sanitary engineering includes that of civil engineering, with special 
additions from the course in architecture, and special instruction in drainage, water sup- 
ply, sewerage, heating, and ventilation, dangerous trades and occupations, vital statistics, 
sanitary jurisprudence, the principles and practice of municipal hygiene, microscopy and 
biology. 

Hygiene. — The object of this course is to give such instruction as to the laws of life 
and health, the structure of the human body, the general principles of hygiene, first help 
in accidents and injuries, etc., as should be possessed by every well-educated professional 



90 



The instruction is given by lectures and recitations during the second year. The 
lectures are illustrated by diagrams and models. 

Microscopy and Biology. — Practical instruction in the use of the microscope is given. 
Laboratory instruction for four hours each week is given throughout the second and 
third years and lectures in each session of the third year. 

The biological laboratories are supplied with all apparatus required for microscopical 
manipulation and for those branches of biological study needed in sanitary investigation. 
A separate culture-room has been fitted up for bacterial examinations. 

The general course of study is indicated in the following scheme : — 

Microscopy. — Stand, its construction, use, care, and choice ; simple lens, optical 
principle, construction, and use ; compound lens, low-power objectives, use, and care ; 
accessory apparatus, general ; method of work, illumination, effect of different media ; 
the eyes, peculiarities, use, and protection ; drawing, free-hand and with camera lucida ; 
micrometry, preparation of table ; magnification, preparation of table , mounting, dry, in 
liquid and in cells ; section cutting, soft and hard tissues, crystals, rock sections, and 
trains ; staining ; high-power objectives, use and care, cover-connections, and immersion 
fluids ; accessory apparatus, special ; micro-chemistry and microspectroscopy ; micro- 
mineralogy and microlithology ; adulteration of foods, etc., detection ; fibres and 
handwriting ; photomicrography. 

Biology. — Laboratory examination of unicellular forms of life ■ yeast ; protococcus ; 
amcebse ; bacteria ; the moulds (mucor and penicillium) ; the anatomy of the clam ; ana- 
tomy of the lobster • anatomy of the frog ; biological analysis of natural waters ; biological 
analysis of air ; biological examination of disinfectants. 

Books of Reference. — The Microscope, W. B. Carpenter ; How to Work with the 
Microscope, L. Beale ; Elementary Biology, Huxley and Martin ; Micro-organisms and 
Disease, Klein ; Bacteriology, Orookshank and Hueppe ; Photomicrography, Sternberg. 

Geodesy and Practical Astronomy. 

Instruction in geodesy and practical astronomy during the third year embraces : 

1. A course of general lectures on astronomy, fully illustrated by lantern views. 

2. Lectures on Geodesy. — General outlines of geodesy ; description and illustration 
of the different kinds of triangulation, primary, secondary, and tertiary ; description of 
the United States Coast Survey primary base apparatus ; description of the United 
States Coast Survey secondary base apparatus ; measurement of subsidiary base lines ; 
reconnoissance surveys ; stations and signals ; observing tripods and scaffolds ; station 
marks, underground and surface ; observation of angles ; instruments, direction and 
repeating ; application of Legendre's theorem to the solution of spheroidal triangles ; 
records and computations ; latitude, longitude, azimuth, and time observations and 
computations. 

3. Practical use, in the observatory, of the transit instrument for time and zenith 
telescope for latitude, and in the field, use of the sextant, and reflecting circle for time, 
latitude, and longitude approximations. 

During six weeks of the summer vacation, at the close of the third year, the students 
in civil engineering are required to make a geodetic survey of some region. 

Instruction in geodesy is continued in the fourth year by lectures and use of instru- 
ments ; spirit levelling ; trigonometric levelling ; magnetic determinations ; figure of the 
earth ; theory of astronomical instruments. 

Architecture. 

During the first and second years, the time which is given in other courses to 

laboratory work is in this course given to architectural drawing. This is so laid out as 

to include exercises in the ordinary processes of draughtmanship, the making of plans, 

elevations, sections, and details, both on a large and on a small scale ; using pencil and 



91 



pen, brushes and colors, with auxiliary exercises in tracing and sketching. The examples 
are so chosen as to make the student familiar with the commonplaces of architectural 
form, and are accompanied by lectures upon the elements of architecture, in which the 
forms and proportions of the Greek and Roman Orders, of doors and windows, arches, 
staircases and balustrades, domes and vaults, roofs and spires, are set forth, and the best 
ways of drawing them explained These lectures and exercises are supplemented by 
special courses on perspective, and on shades and shadows. At the same time a series of 
illustrated lectures is given upon Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek and Roman architectural 
history. 

During the second year the students of architecture complete their elementary 
studies in mathematics and chemistry, following at the same time the work in descriptive 
geometry and stone-cutting, given in the department of engineering, and a portion of the 
work in geology. 

Besides the lectures upon hygiene and kindred topics which are given to the entire 
third class, a special course upon sanitary engineering is given to the students of archi- 
tecture. This course covers, in the third year, the drainage of buildings, including the 
arrangement of pipes and fixtures, the disposal of household refuse, and the drainage of 
cellars and grounds. During the fourth year, the ventilation and warming of buildings 
is taken up, and dicussed from both the practical and the scientific point of view. 

In the third and fourth years the study of scientific construction is pursued in 
connection with the classes of engineering, most of the time, however, being given to 
strictly professional work. This is for the most part taken by the two classes in common, 
one class taken up in their fourth year what the next class takes in the third, and 
vice versa, the whole thus forming a single two years' course. These studies are arranged 
under four heads : 

I. Under the head of history, the architecture of the middle ages is taken up in one 
year, and that of the renaissance, and its more modern derivatives, in the next. On 
•completing the study of ancient architecture, then, in the second year, one class goes on 
directly to that of the middle ages of the third year, and to that of the renaissance in the 
fourth. The next class passes at once from ancient classical architecture to modern, 
finishing with the mediseval styles. 

During the first half of the year the ground is gone over in a course of lectures, and 
it is reviewed during the second half of the year, the class preparing a series of reports 
with illustrative drawings. 

II. Under the general head of ornament, etc., is comprised the study of the decora- 
tive details of the different architectural styles, and of the contemporary forms in other 
branches of art, especially the decorative arts employed in building. The materials and 
processes employed in these arts, and the theory of aesthetics, in form and color, come 
under this head. 

III. Under the head of architectural practice comes the study of specifications and 
working drawings, so far as they can profitably be studied in such a school, and of the 
materials and processes employed in building operations. It is proposed that a special 
architectural laboratory shall afford opportunity for the study of oils and paints, cements, 
mortars, etc., and of testing their quality. 

IV. Under the head of drawing and designing is comprised the practice of original 
composition in the working out of problems in design, from given data, as well as further 
exercises in draughtmanship, both free-hand and with the pencil, pen, or brush, illustrat- 
ing the study of the special topics enumerated above. A laboratory is provided with 
facilities for modelling in clay or wax, and for working in plaster. 

The subjects of the problems given out last year were : 
1 . A group of vases. 
* 2. An iron gate. 
3. The second story and side elevation of the Oasino of the Giustiniani Yiila, the 
ifirst-story plan and front elevation being given. 



92 



4. The second story and front and rear elevations of a small Koinan palace, the 
first-story plan being given. 

5. The Farnesina Villa, from notes and memory. 

6. An open portico. 

7. The pedestal for a statue, the photograph of the statue being given. 

8. The same, revised and put into perspective with full-size details. 

9. To describe a building in writing, from a photograph. 

10. To draw out the elevation of a building, from such a written description. 

11. A small museum, with three rooms in one story. 

12. A theological school, in two stories, with a chapel. 

The students give a certain proportion of time to exercises of a critical and literary 
character, designed to practise them in both reading and writing. During the first two 
years French text-books are read in the class. 

Besides the excellent provision in the college library,the department has a special 
collection of books and drawings, and about twelve thousand photographs. 

Memoirs, Projects and Dissertations. 

The following memoirs, projects and dissertations required from students of the 
several classes of the year 1887-8, are given simply to illustrate the kind of work required 
by the by-laws. 

Students of the second class in all the courses, except those in architecture, were 
required to hand to the instructor in drawing, on or before October, 10, 1887, six draw- 
ings, as follows : 

No. 1. Landscape. Free-hand pencil sketch. 

No. 2. Iron bridge. Free-hand pencil sketch. 

No. 3. Staircase. Free-hand pencil sketch. 
No. 4. Steam pump. Free-hand pencil sketch. 

No. 5. Freight waggon. Right line orthographic scale drawings in ink, showing 
front and end views. 

No. 6. Windlass. Right line orthographic scale drawings in ink, showing front 
and end views. 

Course in Mining Engineering. 

Students of the fourth class were required to hand to the professor of engineering 
on or before October 10, 1887 : 

A memoir upon some topic assigned to each member of the class in connection with 
the summer school in practical mining. 

Students of this class were also required to choose, for a graduating thesis or pro- 
ject, a subject in geology, in metallurgy, or in engineering, and to hand the thesis or 
project to the professor of geology, the professor of metallurgy, or the professor of 
engineering, on or before May 2, 1888. 

Course in Civil Engineering. 

Students of the fourth class were required to hand to the professor of geodesy, on 
or before October 10, 1887, memoirs upon topics, assigned to the students individually,, 
on subjects taught in the summer school of practical geodesy. 

The students of this class were also required to hand to the professor of engineering, 
on or before May 2, 1888, a project or thesis on one of the following subjects, viz. : 

1. A project for the supply of water to a town, including reservoirs, conduits and 
all appliances for distribution. 



93 



2. A roof of not less than 180 feet span. 

3. A bridge of not less than 250 feet span. 

4. Design for the sewerage and surface and subsoil drainage of a town of not less 
than 10,000 inhabitants. 

5. The heating and ventilation and drainage of a large public building. 

The choice of one of these subjects was made during the summer, and such know- 
ledge of the subject chosen as was practicable, gained during the vacation by examination 
of existing works. 

The details of the projects or theses were then given to the students at the beginning 
of the first session after the summer vacation. 

Course in Metallurgy. 

Students of the fourth class were required to hand to the professor of engineering, 
on or before October 10, 1887, memoirs on subjects studied in the summer school of 
practical mining. 

Students of this class were also required to hand to the professor of metallurgy, on 
or before May 2, 1888, one of the three following projects : 

Metallurgical Project. — An establishment to produce 300 tons of pig-iron per day. 
The furnace will be located east of the Mississippi Eiver. The ore will be composed of 
hematites and limonites, the hematites yielding 60 per cent, of sesquioxide of iron, 0.055 
per cent, of sulphur, and 0.065 per cent, of phophorus. The limonite will contain 50 
per cent, of sesquioxide of iron, and be equally pure. The fuel and fluxes will be such 
as can be had most readily in the district selected. The air will be heated by a regenera- 
tive system of ovens. The furnace will have a closed front, and the charges be made 
mechanically. 

Or, an establishment to make 350 to 400 tons of open hearth steel per week from 
material purchased. The establishment will be located within ten miles of New York 
Oity. with a water front and docks for water transportation, and a>v railway for inland 
transportation. All the material used, as well as the fuel, will be purchased in the open 
market. None of the metal produced will be sold in ingots ; it will all be 
manufactured for the market, the rolling mills for the manufacture being included in the 
plant. 

Or, an establishment to produce and desilverize 10,000 tons of lead bullion, con- 
taining on an average 150 ounces of silver and 2 ounces of gold to the ton. The 
establishment will be located in or west of the Rocky Mountains. The ore will be com- 
posed of earthy carbonates, with some galenite, anglesite and cerussite, and will contain 
25 per cent, of lead, 25 per cent, of silica, 25 per cent, of sesquioxide of iron, and 1 per 
cent, of sulphur. The fuel and fluxes will be such as can be most readily had in the 
district selected. 

The projects will comprise memoirs, estimates and drawings. 

Course in Geology and Palaeontology. 

Students of the third class were required to hand to the professor of geology, on or 
before November 1, 1887, a memoir on one of the following subjects : 

1. Notes on the flora or fauna of any geographical district visited. 

2. Observations on the structure, distribution and habits of any of our fresh-water 
fishes. 

3. Catalogues and collections of mollusks inhabiting any lakes, rivers or districts. 

4. Notes on the economy of observed insects. 

5. Notes on the various observed methods by which the seeds of plants are 
distributed. 



94 



Students of the fourth class were required to hand to the professor of geology, on or 
before November 1, 1887, a memoir on one of the following subjects : 

1. Report on the geology of any district visited — embracing : (a) topographical 
features and their causes ; (b) surface geology ; (c) sections of strata with lithological 
character, thickness, dip, strike and fossils of each bed ; sketches of rock outcrops ; (d) 
suits of specimens of rocks and fossils, rocks 3x4x1 inches. 

2. Report on any special formation which may be examined — embracing : (a) the 
geographical area of its outcrops ; (b) its mineral character and origin of the material 
composing it ; (c) sets and collections of its fossils ; (d) reading of the history of its 
deposition. 

3. Report on any examined deposits of ore or other useful minerals, as : (a) the 
magnetic iron ores of New York and New Jersey, phenomena and history ; (b) the 
limonite ores of the Alleghany be]t, character of deposits and age ; (c) the zinc ores of 
Franklin and Friedensville ; (d) the chromic iron of the Alleghany belt, where and how 
it occurs. 

And on or before May 2, 1888, a dissertation on one of the following subjects : 

1. The mesozoic sandstones of New Jersey and the Connecticut valley ; their 
geological phenomena, history and relations to the associated trap rocks. 

2. The limonite ores of the Alleghany belt; their phenomena, age and origin, i.e. y . 
where and how they occur, when and how they were deposited. 

3. Eozoon Canadense ; is it organic ? 

Course in Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 

Students of the third class were required to hand to the professor of chemistry, on 
or before November 1, 1887, a memoir on one of the following subjects : 

1. Aluminium. 

2. The essential oils : their occurrence, chemical composition, preparation and uses. 

3. Nitric acid and nitrates ; nitrous acid and nitrites : their occurrence in nature, 
formation, detection, estimation and functions. 

4. Chloral hydrate and allied bodies : their nature, formation, properties and uses. 

The memoir must contain full references to authorities throughout the text, a table 
of contents, a chronological bibliography and an index. 

Students of the fourth class were required to hand in to the professor of chemistry, 
on or before November 1, 1887, a memoir on one of the following subjects : 

1. The different kinds of glucose and sugar, with special reference to their occur- 
rence, formation, detection and estimation. 

2. Methods for the chemical examination of alcoholic beverages, including simple 
analysis and the detection of adulterations. 

3. Peruvian bark • with methods for its analysis. 

4. Alkalimetrical indicators. 

The memoir must contain full references to authorities throughout the text, a table 
of contents, and an index. 

And on or before May 2, 1888 : 

A thesis on the work of the fourth year in the organic laboratory. 

Course in Architecture. 

Students in this course were required to hand in to the Professor of Architecture, 
on or before the second Monday in October, 1887, one hundred sketches, with an accom- 
panying memoir. These drawings were executed with the pencil or with the brush, or 



95 <*N 



both, and were made either from prints and drawings, or from the object, or from nature. 
They were either in outline or shaded, in black and white or in color, and they were to 
represent, among other things, the plans, elevations, and perspective view of a small 
building, with details of framing and other particulars of construction, when access could 
be had to buildings in course of erection, and, in any case, were to include large scale 
drawings of bases, cornices, and mouldings. A plan, section, two elevations, and a perspec- 
tive of every object, large or small, and the dimensions, at least approximate, were 
desired. The date at which the sketch was made and the time occupied in making it 
were written upon each, and they were mounted upon sheets of paper or cardboard, 
fifteen inches by twenty-two, one or more upon each. The drawings were mostly made 
in large-sized sketch books on one side of each leaf, so that they might be cut out and 
thus mounted. The memoirs stated from what the sketches were taken, pointing 
out anything of interest that had been observed, in respect either of construction or 
of design. 

Students were advised to spend a part of the vacation in an architect's office, and 
were furnished with the proper letters of introduction by the Professor of Architecture. 
Every day spent in an office was taken in lieu of a sketch. They were also desired 
to read as much French and German as possible during the summer, and were advised to 
subscribe to a French or German newspaper. 

Students of the second class, also, during the vacation, prepared lists of the chief 
persons and most important events mentioned in Greek and Roman History from 1,000 
B.C. to 500 A.D., making outline maps, drawn or traced, showing the principal countries 
and cities. Students of the third and fourth classes did the same with Modern History f 
for the last five hundred years, using any historical works covering these periods that 
furnished sufficient data, as a preparation for their studies in the history of architecture. 



TEXT-BOOKS. 

(The text-books required by the first and second classes are named in connection 
with the subjects in the synopsis of studies.) 

Books preceded by an asterisk (*) are optional — the others are indispensable. 

Third Class. 

Peck's Analytical Mechanics. 

Peck's Popular Astronomy. 

Davies' Surveying (revised edition). 
"^Publications of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, relating to the fundamental 

geodetic operations. 
*Davis's Formulas for Railroad Earthwork. 

Searle's Henck's Field-Book for Engineers. 

Gillmore's Roads and Pavements. 

Stony 's Theory of Strains. 

Rankine's Civil Engineering. 
*Mahan's or Wheeler's Civil Engineering. 

Rankine's Machinery and Mill Work. 
*Callon's Lectures on Mining. 

Egleston's Tables of Weights, Measures, Coins, etc. 

Egleston's Metallurgical Tables. 
*Kerl's Metallurgy. 
,Rickett's Notes on Assaying, and Assay Schemes. 

Cornwall's Blowpipe Analysis. 

Plattner's Blowpipe Analysis. 

Cairns' Quantitative Analysis. 



96 



Johnson's Fresenius's Quantitative Analysis. 

Wagner's Cheinische Technologic 

Dana's Manual of Geology. 

Nicholson's Palaeontology. 

Yon Ootta and Lawrence's Eock's. 

Fourth Class. 






♦Text-book of Least Squares, by Merriman. 

* Wright's Treatise on Adjustment of Observations. 

♦Clarke's Geodesy. 

♦Helmert's Mathematischen und Physikalischen Theorieen der Hoher. Geodasie, 

two volumes. 
♦Jordan's Yermessungskunde, two volumes. 

*Doolittle's Practical Astronomy, as applied to geodesy and navigation. 
♦Publications of the XJ. S. Coast and Geodetic burvey, relating to the fundamental 
geodetic operations. 

Henck's Field-Book for Engineers. 

Greene's Graphical Statics. 

Weisbach's Mechanics of Engineering. 

Rankine's Civil Engineering. 

Rankine's Prime Movers. 

Rankine's Machinery and Mill Work. 

Rigg on the Steam-Engine. 

Goodeve on the Steam-Engine. 
♦Welsh's Designing Yalve Gearing. 

Latham's Sanitary Engineering. 

Sewers and Drains for Populous Districts, by J. W. Adams. 

Fanning's Water-Supply Engineering. 

Stevenson on Canals and Rivers. 

Stevenson on Harbors. 

Parson's Manual of Permanent Way. 
*Colyer's Hydraulic Lifting and Press Machinery. 
*Rontgen's Thermodynamics, Du Bois' translation. 
♦Planat on Warming and Yentilation. 
♦Joly, Warming and Yentilation. 

Callon's Lectures on Mining. 
"*Burat's Exploitation des Mines. 
"*Lottner's Bergbaukunst. 
*Rittinger's Die Aufbereitungkunde. 
♦Gaetschman's Aufbereitung. 
♦Cotta's Treatise on Ore Deposits, by Prime. 

Page's Economic Geology. 

Burat's Geologie Applique. / 

D'Orbigny's Palseontologie Elementaire. 
♦Whitney's Metallic Wealth of the United States. 

Egleston's Metallurgical Tables. 

Egleston's Metallurgy of Gold, Silver, and Mercury. 
♦Kerl's Probiikunst. 

♦Allen's Introduction to the Practice of Commercial Organic Analyses. 
♦Berthelot's Lecons sur les Methodes Generates de Synthese en Chimie Organique. 
♦BertLelot et Jungfleisch's Traite' Eldmentaire de Chimie Organique. 
♦Roscoe and Schorlemmer's Treatise on Chemistry (Organic Chemistry). 
♦Strecker's Short Text-book of Organic Chemistry, by Wislicenus. 
♦Beilstein's Handbuch der Organischen Chemie. 



97 



LIBRARY. 

The library is open to all officers, students, and graduates, both for borrowing and 
reference, daily, except Sundays and Good-Friday, throughout the year, including all 
holidays and vacations. 

It now contains 84,000 carefully selected volumes, and additions are constantly 
made of the best books in all departments, especially of expensive and costly works not 
readily accessible elsewhere. In addition, the library of the New York Academy of 
Sciences is on deposit in the library rooms, and is accessible to readers. More than 500 
different serials, including the leading transactions of societies, periodicals, etc., in all 
languages, are regularly received, and special effort is made to provide for immediate use, 
without the formality of asking, the best reference-books in all departments — dictionaries, 
encyclopaedias, indexes, compends, etc. 

Besides the regular author and title catalogues, there are a minute subject-classifica- 
tion on the shelves ; a complete subject-catalogue, in a separate book for each class ; an 
exhaustive card-catalogue, with analyses and notes for readers ; and a very full printed 
index of topics. To all catalogues, indexes, and other aids and guides, all students have 
unrestricted access, day and evening. 

A pamphlet giving fuller information about books, building, catalogues, and the pri- 
vileges accorded to readers, will be mailed on application to the chief librarian. 



CABINETS AND COLLECTIONS. 

Collections of specimens and models, illustrating all the subjects taught in the school, 
are accessible to the students, including : 
Crystal models. 

Natural crystals, pseudomorphs. 
Ores and metallurgical products. 
Models of furnaces. 

Collection illustrating applied chemistry. 
Fossils. 

Economic minerals. 
Rocks. 

Olivier's models of descriptive geometry. 
Models of mechanical movements. 
Models of mining tools. 
Models of mining machines. 
Casts, antique statuary, animals, etc. 

Crystal Models — The lectures on crystallography are illustrated by a collection of 
150 models in glass, which show the axes of the crystals and the relation of the derived 
to the primitive form. This suite is completed by 400 models in wood, showing most of 
the actual and theoretical forms, and also by a collection of natural crystals showing the 
forms as they actually occur in the prominent mineral species. 

Minerals — The cabinet of minerals comprises about 30,000 specimens, arranged in 
cases. It includes a large suite of pseudomorphs, a collection illustrating the physical 
characters of minerals, and a collection illustrating crystallography by natural crystals, 
showing both their normal and distorted forms. The minerals are accompanied by a 
large collection of models in wood showing the crystalline form of each. Arranged in 
wall cases are large specimens, showing the association of the minerals. There are also 
three separate student collections of average specimens, amounting in the aggregate to 
over 6,000 specimens. 

Ores and Metallurgical Products —A very complete collection of metallurgical pro- 
ducts, illustrating the different stages of the type process in use in the extraction of each 
metal in this country, and in Europe, is accessible to the students. The collection is 
constantly increasing. Most of the specimens have been analyzed and assayed. 

8 (T.E.) 



98 



Models of Furnaces — An extensive collection of models of furnaces has been im- 
ported. A very large number of working drawings of furnaces and machines used in the 
different processes is always accessible to the students. 

Applied Chemistry is illustrated by several thousand specimens of materials and pro- 
ducts arranged in a cabinet of industrial chemistry for exhibition at the lectures and for 
inspection by the students. 

The Geological Collection consists of over 100,000 specimens (to which additions are 
constantly made), forming the following groups : 

1st. A systematic series of the rocks and fossils characteristic of each geological 
epoch, numbering over 70,000 specimens. 

2nd. A collection of ores, coals, oils, clays, building materials, and other useful min- 
erals, illustrative of the course of lectures on economic geology, and believed to give the 
fullest representation of our mineral resources of any collection yet made. 

3rd. A collection of 5,000 specimens of rocks, and the minerals which form rocks, to 
illustrate the lectures on lithology. 

4th. A palseontological series, which includes collections of recent and fossil verte- 
brates, articulates, mollusks, radiates, and plants. In this series is to be found the largest 
collection of fossil plants in the country, including many remarkably large and fine speci- 
mens, and over 200 species of which representatives are not known to exist elsewhere. 
Also, the most extensive series of fossil fishes in America, including among many new 
and remarkable forms, the only specimens known of the gigantic Dinichthys ; a suite of 
Ward's casts of extinct saurians and mammals ; fine skeletons of the great Irish elk, the 
cave bear, the New Zealand moas, ichthyosaurus, teleosaurus, etc. 

5th. Several hundred maps and diagrams illustrating the course of instruction ; lan- 
terns, microscopes, and over 2,000 slides to be used with them. 

Drawing Models — There are, for the use of students, a large collection of flat models 
and of plaster casts ; the Olivier models, forming all mathematical surfaces by silk 
threads, and admitting of a variety of transformations ; also other models, illustrating 
general and special problems of descriptive geometry, shades and shadows, and stone-cut- 
ting ; photographs of plaster casts and of parts of machines, for use in free-hand drawing; 
drawings of machines and parts of machines for studying and copying ; also, landscapes 
in crayon and in water-color for instruction in sketching ; models of mining machines and 
mining tools, stationary steam-engines, single and double cylinders, sections of steam- 
cylinders, water-wheels, turbines, shaking tables, stamps, crushers, blowing machines, 
pumps, etc. 

Surveying Instruments — For the use of the students of the summer school of survey 
ing there is a collection of instruments sufficient for over thirty surveying squads, com- 
prising transits, levels, and plane tables by Heller & Brightly, Buff & Berger, Stackpole, 
and other makers ; also compasses, dipping needles, hand levels, water levels, odometer, 
tapes, chains, level rods, telemeters, sight poles, and tents, and camp equipage. 

Civil Engineering is illustrated by a collection of models of beams, beam joints, roof 
and bridge trusses, masonry, doorways, arches, walls, culverts, bridges, and canal locks ; 
working models of overshot, breast, undershot, and different kinds of turbine water- 
wheels ; a machine, made by Fairbanks & Co., for testing the strength of materials ; a 
five-inch condensing steam-engine, with a stroke of six inches ; horizontal, vertical and 
sectional steam-engines and valves, etc. 

A complete working model, full size, of the Westinghouse automatic train-brake has 
been recently added, and a series of injectors for feeding boilers. Also models, full size, 
of air and gas machines. 

There have been recently added to the department of engineering, for the use of 
students in geodesy, two four-metre compound bars with Borda's scales, etc., for measur- 
ing base line ; one standard four-metre bar ; one eight-inch theodolite with horizontal and 
vertical circles for measuring horizontal angles and double zenith distances. 



99 



Mining Engineering is illustrated by models of blowing engines, ventilators, mine 
shafts, tunnels, galleries, methods of walling, methods of tubbing shafts, methods of 
measuring shafts, shaft house, hoisting engine, safety cages, man-engines, ladders, shaking 
tables, washers, stamps, crushers, mining machines, lamps and tools, artesian well-borer^ 
blasting apparatus, etc. 

Additions to the various collections are constantly made. 



ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. 

The astronomical observatory contains a set of portable astronomical instruments ; a 
forty-six inch transit, by Troughton and Simms ; a combined transit and zenith instru- 
ment for time and latitude determinations ; an equatorially mounted refractor of five 
inches aperture, to which is attached a spectroscope with the dispersive power of twelve 
flint-glass prisms of fifty -five degrees, by Alvan Clark ; also a diffraction spectroscope with, 
grating, by L. M. Rutherford, Esq. 

A set of comparison apparatus, with electrodes, Plucker's tubes, coils, etc, accom- 
panies the spectroscope. 

Instruction in practical astronomy is given in the observatory to students of the 
third and fourth classes in the course of civil engineering. 

By the gift of Mr. Rutherford there have been added to the observatory equipment i 
(1) An equatorial refracting telescope of thirteen inches aperture, supplied with a cor- 
recting lense for photographic work. With this instrument belong two micrometers for 
position measurements. (2) A transit instrument of three inches aperture by Stackpole 
& Brother. (3) A Dent sidereal clock. (4) A micrometer for measuring photographic 
plates, and sundry other pieces of apparatus. These gifts of Mr. Rutherford increase 
the value of the instruments in the observatory by about $20,000. The observatory has 
a fine mean-time clock by Howard & Co., also a chronograph by Fauth & Co., a personal, 
equation machine, etc. The observatory is lighted by electricity. 



STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HOBOKEN, NEW JERSEY. 
. Founded by Edwin A. Stevens. 



The Faculty of this Institute consists of eleven professors and three assistant 
professors, as follows : — 

Henry Morton, Ph.D., President. 

Alfred M. Mayer, Ph.D., Professor of Physics. 

De Yolson Wood, A.M., C.E., Professor of Mechanical Engineering. 

J. Burkitt Webb, C.E., Professor of Mathematics and Mechanics. 

Charles W. MacCord, A.M., Sc.D., Professor of Mechanical Drawing. 

Albert R. Leeds, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry. 

Charles F. Krceh, A.M., Professor of Languages. 

Rev. Edward Wall, A.M., Professor of Belles-Lettres. 

Coleman Sellers, E.D., Professor of Engineering Practice. 

James E. Denton, M.E , Professor of Experimental Mechanics and Shop-work. 

Wm. E. Geyer, Ph.D., Professor of Applied Electricity. 

Thomas B. Stillman, Ph.D., Professor of Analytical Chemistry. 

Adam Riesenberger, M.E., Assistant Professor of Mechanical Drawing. 

Wm. H. Bristol, M.E., Assistant Professor ot Mathematics. 

D. S. Jacobus, M.E., Assistant Professor of Experimental Mechanics and Shop-work, 



100 



Plan of the Institution. 

The plan of instruction, which has now be-n pursued for seventeen years, is such as 
will best fit young men of ability for positions of usefulness in the department of mechan- 
ical engineering, and in those scientific pursuits from which this and all the sister arts are 
daily deriving such incalculable benefits. 

With this view there is afforded : 

1. A thorough training in the elementary and advanced branches of Mathematics, 
and their application to mechanical constructions. 

2. A systematic course in the theory of Machine Construction, and a study of ex- 
isting systems. 

3. The subject of Mechanical Drawing (which may well be called the language of 
engineering) receives much time and attention. 

The course comprises the use of Instruments and Colors, Descriptive Geometry, 
Shades, Shadows and Perspective, and the Analysis of Mechanical Movements — the 
principles involved being at once and continuously applied in the construction of working 
drawings from measurements of machines already built, as well as in making original 
designs. 

4. An extensive course of manual exercises in shop practice is combined with a 
course of experimental mechanics, to form a separate department, which aims to co- 
operate with the departments of engineering, mechanics and drawing, so as to bear to 
them the same relation as the physical and chemical laboratories do to the class-room 
work in physics and chemistry. Its courses, aside from the introduction of the student 
to the functions of tools, etc., are directly supplemental to the department of mechanical 
drawing, by familiarizing the student with the use of working drawings in the shop, and 
by the embodiment of the theoretical principles of mechanism in the form of exercises 
in gear cutting, etc., and directly supplemental to the departments of engineering and 
mechanics, by re-enforcing the apprehension of theoretical principles through the perform- 
ance of exercises in the course of experimental mechanics. 

5. Arrangements of an unusually perfect character have been made to give a 
thorough, practical course of instruction in Physics, by means of physical laboratories, in 
which the student is guided by the Professor of Physics in experimental researches bear- 
ing upon the subjects of his special study. 

Thus the student will practise methods of making precise measurements of lengths, 
angles, volumes, weights, and time, and then apply these processes in the measurements of 
magnitudes relating to the Phenomena of Light, Sound, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism. 

By this plan of instruction the knowledge of physical facts and laws is indelibly 
impressed on the mind of the student, while, at the same time, he is trained in methods 
of experimental investigation which will be of great value to him in the actual practice of 
his profession of Mechanical Engineer. 

6. The subject of Chemistry is taught, chiefly by experimental lectures and demon- 
strations illustrative of its theoretical principles and of their application in the arts. 

7. Analytical Chemistry, both Qualitative and Quantitative, is taught in the labora- 
tories, where the students analyze the common minerals, metals, ores, slags, coal, furnace 
and illuminating gases, waters, etc. 

8. The Spanish and German languages form an essential part of the course of 
instruction, since they are of practical value to the engineer and man of science in his 
professional work, and also afford that kind of mental culture which mathematical and 
physical science, if followed exclusively, would fail to supply. 

8 The department of Belles-Lettres furnishes the means of cultivating literary taste 
and a facility in the graceful use of language, both in speaking and writing, which are as 
desirable in the engineer and man of science as in the classical student. 

10. The subject of Applied Electricity is taught by means of complete appliances in 
the way of instruments for electrical measurements, dynamo machines, electric lamps and 



101 



the like, so as to fit graduates for responsible positions in connection with electric lighting 
and other similar companies. 

The full course of the Stevens Institute of Technology occupies the period of four- 
year, each year being divided into a Supplementary Term, during which the Sophomore, 
Junior and Senior Classes devote eight hours per day to the Department of Experimental 
Mechanics and Shop-work, and three regular terms. 

Requirements for Admission. 

Freshman Class. 

No applicant under the age of seventeen years will be admitted to the examination, 
unless the Faculty be satisfied that he is able to bear the burden of the Institute course 
without detriment to his health, nor will any applicant under the age of seventeen be 
allowed to enter his class unless his examination shows proof of unusual proficiency. 

The examinations will be on the following subjects : 

Arithmetic. — The preparation should be especially thorough upon the properties of 
numbers, the operations in common and decimal fractions, the methods of finding the 
greatest common divisor, and the extraction of the roots of numbers. 

Algebra. — Simple equations, theory of radicals, equations of the second degree, arith- 
metical and geometrical progression, permutations, binomial theorem, indeterminate 
co-efficients, logarithms, and series. Great importance is attached to a thorough know- 
ledge and readiness in the solution of simultaneous equations of the second degree, and 
the reduction of radicals. 

Geometry. — All of plane, solid and spherical geometry. The examination in this 
subject will be thorough, and the applicant must show a familiarity with all the funda- 
mental geometrical forms and be able to demonstrate their properties and relations ; he 
should also be able to point out the most important ones. 

Analytical and Plane Trigonometry. — The fundamental formulae and their demon- 
strations, as well as the solution of plane triangles by means of natural and logarithmic 
tables will be insisted upon. 

English Grammar. — The requirements are a practical acquaintance with the parts 
of speech, their relations, agreements, and government ; the proper use of tenses and 
moods, the construction and arrangement of sentences. 

On all these points we desire exact knowledge of the principles deduced from, copious 
examples, and we attach no value to a minute knowledge of subtleties and exceptions, 
The latter properly belong to an advanced college course. 

Geography. — The examination will be in the most important countries, cities, rivers, 
etc., most frequently occurring in the perusal of the daily newspapers and in general 
history. 

Composition. — An essay upon some topic assigned at the time of examination, and 
examined with reference to legible hand- writing, correct spelling, punctuation, and proper 
expression. 

Universal History. — In the examination of Universal History but little prominence 
is given to dates. The questions relate to the great events ; their causes and effects. A 
conspicuous place is given in the questions to the History of the United States. Text- 
book — Barnes' General History and U. S. History, or Johnston's or Higginson's or 
Anderson's U. S. History. 

Rhetoric. — The examination in Rhetoric will embrace all parts of the subjects which 
are contained in the text-books on Rhetoric. Text-book — Hart's Rhetoric. 

French. — Beginning in September, 1888, applicants will be examined in French. 
The examination will be on translation from Knapp's Modern French Readings, the first 



half of the book, or from some equivalent. 






102 



Sophomore Class. 

Mathematics. — The applicant will be required to give satisfactory evidence that he 
has studied all of the mathematical subjects required for admission, as well as those 
pursued during the first year of this course ; after which he will be subjected to a special 
examination in Algebra and Analytical Geometry. The examination will test the appli- 
cant's knowledge of the subject, without reference to any particular author. 

Mechanical Drawing. — Elementary Orthographic Projections. 

Physics. — Parts of Deschanel's Physics, including Inductive Mechanics, Acoustics 
and Light. 

Languages. — Krceh's Lectures on French Pronunciation, Collot's Pronouncing 
French Reader, Krceh's Regular and Irregular French Verbs, and translation of F. S. 
Williams' " Getting to Paris." 

Belles- Lettres. — Entrance examinations: the English Language (Fowler's), and 
Deductive Logic (Jevon's), and Inductive Logic (Jevon's, and Lectures). 

For the text books used in the Stevens High School write to Librarian for catalogue 
of same. It is not necessary, however, to be confined to those in the preparation. 

Junior Class. 

Mathematics. — The applicant will be required to show that he has studied all the 
subjects required in the previous part of the course, and sustain a special examination in 
the Differential and Integral Calcus, which will be sufficiently comprehensive to test the 
applicant's knowledge of algebra and analytical geometry. 

Mechanical Drawing. — Church's Descriptive Geometry up to Perspective — Spherical 
Projections excepted. 

Physics. — All of Deschanel's Physics ; applicant must have attended experimental 
lectures on subjects contained in above work. 

Chemistry. — A knowledge of general chemistry — organic chemistry not included. 
Text-books — Roscoe's Lessons in Elementary Chemistry and Fowne's Elementary Chem- 
istry. 

Analytical Chemistry. — Qualitative Analysis. 

Languages. — Subjects required for Sophomore class, also Collignon's Les Machines, 
and a translation of some memoir from the Comptes Rendus of the French Academy of 
Sciences. Krceh's Pronunciation of German. Krceh's First German Reader. German 
Verbs, regular and irregular. Krceh's Die Anna-Lise, introduction and first two acts. 

Belles- Lettres. — The entrance examinations. Fowler's English Language, Deductive 
Logic (Jevon's), Inductive Logic (Jevon's, and Lectures), and Shaw's English Literature. 
Chaucer. Spenser. Bacon, Shakespeare, two Dramas. Sprague's Milton's Paradise 
Lost. Pope's Essay on Criticism and Rape of the Lock. Byron's Childe Harold. 

Senior Class. 

Mathematics. — The applicant will be required to show that he has studied all the 
previous subjects in this course, and to sustain a special examination in Analytical 
Mechanics, of such scope as to test his knowledge on important mathematical and physical 
points. 

Mechanical Drawing — All of Church VDescriptive Geometry — Spherical Projections 
excepted — and MacCord's Practical Mechanism. 

Physics — Examination in Pickering's Physical Manipulations, or in the work of 
Kohlrausch on the same subject. 

Engineering — Materials of Engineering, their properties and strength (Wood's and 
^Thurston's) ; Valve Gearing (Zeuner) ; the Indicator (Hemingway) ; the Mechanism of 



103 



Engines, Furnaces and Boilers (Rankine's Prime Movers, chapters IV and V, Part III) ; 
Smith's Steam Making and Steam Using, or Goodeve on the Steam Engine, or Weisbach 
(Du Bois) on the Steam Engine, or Barr on Boilers ; Machine Design ( CJnwin) ; 
Hydraulics, especially the flow of liquids in pipes and streams. 

Chemistry — General Chemistry — Organic Chemistry not included — Metallurgy. 

Analytical Chemistry — Examination in Qualitative Analysis and the quantitative 
estimation of the constituents of the following substances (or their equivalents) will be 
required ; Iron ores, coal, pig iron or steel, furnace gases, paint ground in oil, and 
lubricating oils. 

Books of Reference — Eenton's Qualitative Analysis, Fresenius' Quantitative Analysis* 
Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis, Troilius' Iron and Steel Analysis. 

Languages — Eequirements for Sophomore and Junior Classes, as given before, also 
translation of last three acts of Krceh's " Anna-Lise," and Huber's Mechanik. 

Belles- Lettres — The entrance examinations and the requirements for the Sophomore 
and Junior classes as given herewith. 

Students graduating in Academic departments of other colleges, and desiring to 
enter the Institute, are advised to examine our course, with a view to entering at the 
commencement of the Junior Year. 

List of Text-Books. 
Freshman Year. 

Mathematics — Well's University Algebra; Wood's Plane and Spherical Trigo- 
nometry ; Wood's Co-ordinate Geometry ; Bowser's Differential and Integral Calculus. 

Mechanical Drawing — MacCord's Lessons in Mechanical Drawing. 

Languages — Krceh's Pronuncation of Spanish ; Worman's First Spanish Book ; 
Krceh's Selections from Contemporary Spanish Authors. 

Physics — Deschanel's Natural Philosophy, Parts I and IV. 

Belles- Lettres — Fowler's English Language ; Devon's Logic, Hill's Edition. 

Sophomore Year. 

Mathematics — Bowser's Differential and Integral Calculus ; Wood's Analytical 
Mechanics. 

Mechanical Drawing — Church's Descriptive Geometry ; MacCord's Practical Hints 
for Draughtsmen. 

Languages — Modern Spanish Literature, continued ; Text-books not yet chosen ; 
Krceh's Pronunciation of German ; Krceh's German Verbs ; Krceh's First German 
Reader ; Krceh's Die Anna-Lise. 

Physics — Deschanel's Natural Philosophy, Parts II and III. 

Belles-Lettres — Shaw's English Literature ; Morris' Chaucer ; Spencer; Shakespeare ; 
Bacon ; Sprague's Milton's Paradise Lost, Books I and II., and Lycidas ; Pope's Essay 
on Criticism and Rape of the Lock ; Byron's Childe Harold. 

Chemistry — Lectures , Roscoe's Chemistry. 

Analytical Chemistry — Fenton's Qualitative Analysis. 

Junior Year. 

Mathematics — Wood's Analytical Mechanics ; Rankine's Applied Mechanics. 

Mechanical Drawing — Church's Descriptive Geometry ; MacCord's Kinematics or 
Mechanical Movements. 



104 



Languages — Kroeh's Die Anna-Lise ; Huber's Mechanik. 

Engineering — Wood's Resistance of Materials ; Zeuner on Valve Gears ; Barr on 
Boilers ; Hemingway on the Indicator ; Unwin's Machine Design, Rankine's Prime 
Movers. 

Chemistry — Bloxam ; Thurston's Materials of Engineering. 

Analytical Chemistry — Books of Reference — Fresenius' Qualitative Analysis ; 
Allan's Commercial Organic Analysis ; Troilius' Iron and Steel Analysis ; Wanklyn's 
Water Analysis. 

Senior Tear. 

Mathematics — Rankine's Applied Mechanics ; Burr's Bridges and Roof Trusses ; 
Wood's Roofs and Bridges. 

Mechanical Drawing — MacOord's Kinematics or Mechanical Movements. 

Engineering — Rankine's Prime Movers ; Wood's Thermodynamics ; Weisbach's 
(Du Bois) Mechanics of Engineering. 

Degrees. 

The Stevens Institute of Technology, as will be seen from its secondary title, and 
from the account of its general scope and plan of studies already given, is essentially a 
school of mechanical engineering, and will therefore confer upon its regular graduates 
the degree of Mechanical Engineer, when due evidence of proficiency has been afforded in 
the final examinations, and upon the presentation of theses, as described further on. 

Expenses. 

The fees for each year of the entire course, for instruction and the use of instru- 
ments, are one hundred and fifty dollars, for students at the time residing in the State 
of New Jersey. Those not so residing — i. e., coming across the river each day from New 
York, or the like — are charged seventy-five dollars extra. This discrimination is made 
necessary by a clause in Mr. Stevens' will. 

In the Chemical Laboratory each student will be supplied with a set of re-agont 
bottles, and an adequate quantity of chemicals and platinum vessels \ agate and steel 
mortars, etc., will be loaned to him from time to time, as his work may make their use 
necessary. With reference to other apparatus, he is at liberty to furnish himself from 
any dealer, or to borrow from the supplies of the school. At the end of each session he 
wiil be credited with those articles returned in good order, while the cost value of those 
destroyed will be deducted from the deposit. 

A charge of five dollars per term will be made to each student for chemicals used in 
the laboratory. 

In the Drawing Department each student will be expected to furnish his own 
instruments and materials. 

In the Department of Shop-work the student will be expected to pay for the 
material used ; but the total cost for the entire course will not exceed sixty-five dollars. 

The fees are payable in advance, at the beginning of each term. 

In case of absence for more than half a term, on account of sickness or some 
unavoidable cause, one-half the fee will be returned, or credited. 

Each student wi!! be required, on admission, to make a deposit of ten dollars to 
meet incidental expenses, such as those for drawing materials or special chemical sup- 
plies. This deposit can only be withdrawn when he graduates or leaves the Institute. 



105 

THE COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 

Synopsis of Studies. 
First Year. 
First Term. 

Mathematics — Logarithms and Plane Trigonometry reviewed, with practical appli- 
cations to engineering problems, Spherical Trigonometry. 

Mechanical Drawing — Elementary Projections. 

Languages — French. 

Physics — General Properties of Matter ; Inductive Mechanics. 

Belles-Lettres — Fowler's English Language, Lectures, Essays. 

Shop- Work. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics — Theory of Equations, Analytical Geometry and Calculus ; Exercises 
in Mathematical Laboratory. 

Mechanical Drawing — Elementary Projections. 

Languages — Spanish. 

Physics — Pneumatics, Laws of Vibratory Motions, and Acoustics. 

Belles-Lettres — Deductive Logic. 

Shop- Work. 

Third Term. 

Mathematics — Analytical Geometry and Calculus ; Exercises in Mathematical 
Laboratory. 

Mechanical Drawing — Elementary Projections. 

Langiiages — Spanish. 

Physics — Light. 

Belles-Lettres — Inductive Logic. 

Shop- Work. 

Supplementary Term. 
Shop- Work. 

Second Year. 

First Term. 

Mathematics — Differential Calculus. 

Mechanical Drawing — Machine Drawing from Sketches, Descriptive Geometry. 

Languages — Spanish (concluded), German. 

Physics — Heat and Meteorology, 

Belles-Lettres — English Literarure. 

Chemistry — Theoretical and General. 

Analytical Chemistry— Qualitative Analysis, Laboratory Practice. 

Shop- Work. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics — Integral Calculus. 

Mechanical Drawing — Machine Drawing from Sketches, Descriptive Geometry. 

Languages —German. 



106 



Physics — Magnetism and Electricity. 

Belles-Lettres — English Literature. 

Chemistry — Theoretical and General. 

Analytical Chemistry — Qualitative Analysis, Laboratory Practice. 

Shop-Work. 

Third Term. 

Mathematics — Integral Calculus, Applications. 

Mechanical Drawing — Machine Drawing from Sketches, Descriptive Geometry. 

Languages — German. 

Physics — Electricity. 

Belles-Lettres — English Literature. 

Chemistry — Theoretical and General. 

Analytical Chemistry — Qualitative Analysis, Laboratory Practice. 

Shop- Work. 

Supplementary Term. 
Shop- Work. 

Third Tear. 
First Term. 



Mathematics — Analytical Mechanics. 

Mechanical Drawing — Kinematics. Machine Drawing, Descriptive Geometry 

Languages — German. 

Physics — Lectures on the use of instruments for making Precise Measures and on 
their applications to the practical work in the Physical Laboratory. 

Chemistry — Metallurgy. 

Analytical Chemistry — Qualitative Analysis, Laboratory Practice. 

Engineering — The Steam Indicator, Foundations, Valve Gears, Link Motions and 
Mechanism of Engines. 

Shop- Work. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics — Analytical Mechanics. 

Mechanical Drawing — Kinematics, Machine Drawing, Descriptive Geometry. 

Languages — German (concluded). 

Physics — Lectures (see First Term.) 

Chemistry — Metallurgy. 

Analytical Chemistry — Quantitative Analysis, Laboratory Practice. 

Engineering — Mechanism of Boilers, Lectures, Theory of Flexure and other Mathe- 
matical Properties of Materials, Foundations, Boilers. 

Shop- Work. 

Third Term. 

Mathematics — Analytical Mechanics. 

Mechanical Drawing — Kinematics, Machine Drawings. 

Phsiycs — Lectures (see First* Term.) 

Chemistry — Me tall u rgy . 






107 



Analytical Chemistry — Quantitative Analysis, Laboratory Practice. 
Engineering — Machine Design, Hydraulics. 
Shop)- Work. 

Supplementary Term. 
Experimental Mechanics. 

Fourth Year. 

First Term. 

Mathematics — Construction • Adjustment and Use of Engineering Instruments ; 
Graphical Statics ; Problems in Applied Mechanics. 

Mechanical Drawing — Machine Drawing and Design. 

Physics — Laboratory Work. 

Engineering — Thermodynamics, Heat Engines. 

Applied Electricity — Lectures and Laboratory Work. 

Analytical Chemistry — Elective. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics — Theory of Bridges and Eoof s with Graphical Statics Applied ; Selected 
Problems. 

Mechanical Drawing— M.a.chine Drawing and Design. 

Physics — Laboratory Work. 

Engineering — Steam Engines, Hydraulic Motors, including the Turbine. 

Applied Electricity — Lectures and Laboratory Work. 

Analytical Chemistry — Elective. 

Third Term. 

Work on Graduating Theses — Including Experimental Investigations and General 
Kesearch. 

Students of the Freshman and Sophomore classes require two to three hours, and 
students of the Junior and Senior classes three to four hours per day of study, in pre- 
parations for recitations called for by the above schedule. 

Department of Mathematics and Mechanics. 

These subjects will be taught in close connection, not only because such treatment 
is specially suitable for students of engineering, but also because mathematics has its 
deepest foundations in the mechanics of nature. 

To this end trigonometry will be accompanied with practical applications to such 
engineering problems as will emphasize important formulae and methods and impress 
them upon the memory. Such problems will be devised and executed with special 
reference to system and accuracy in obtaining data and in calculating results, and to 
give practice in the use of logarithmic and other tables. 

In order that students may be thoroughly grounded in the fundamental facts and 
principles of Analytical Mechanics before commencing a mathematical treatment of the 
subjects, there will be a series of practical exercises, with models, in the Mathematical 
Laboratory, and these will be so arranged as to teach the student also the fundamental 
principles of Analytical Geometry and the Calculus in advance of the full treatment of 
those subjects in the class-room. 



108 



The following is the list of such portions of the exercises in the Mathematical 
Laboratory as have been already introduced into the course : 

Exercise 1 — Having given two tangents and one of the radii, to connect the tangent 
points with a compound railroad curve by the method of " deflection angles." Apparatus 
used — Plane, Table, Chain, Cross-Section Paper, Table of Tangents. 

Exercise 2 — Topographical Survey of a field and graphical estimation of area. 
Apparatus used — Plane, Table, Chain, etc. 

Exercise 3 — Compass Survey of field and numerical calculations of area, using 
principles of co-ordinate geometry. Apparatus used — Compass, Chain, Trigonometric 
Tables. 

Exercise 4- — Profile of line. Apparatus used — Level, Rod, Chain. 

Exercise 5 — To determine elevation of a point, with corrections for instrumental 
errors. Apparatus used — Level, Rod. 

Exercise 6 — To determine experimentally the condition of equilibrium of a number 
of forces. 

Exercise 7 — To determine experimentally the relation between the moments of 
forces in equilibrium. 

Exercise 8 — To determine experimentally the centre of gravity of several bodies. 

Exercise 9 — To determine the moment of inertia of a body by means of the torsion 
pendulum and standard units of mass. 

Exercise 10 — To find the moving force in the torsion pendulum. 

Exercise 11 — To determine the stresses in several models of link work. 

Exercise 12 — To determine the mass of a body by means of a " false balance " and 
units of mass. 

Exercise 13 — To determine experimentally the resultant of two rotations in space. 

Department of Physics. 

This department offers the students every facility for the acquisition of a thorough 
knowledge of physics. 

During the first year the first term is given to the study of the general properties of 
matter and to ii.ductive mechanics ; the second term to pneumatics and to the laws of 
vibratory motions and acoustics ; the third term to light. 

In the second year the first term is occupied in the study of heat and meteorology ; 
the second and third terms are spent in the study of magnetism and electricity. 

During the third year the Professor of Physics delivers lectures on the modes of 
making precise measures. He shows the application of these measures in the various 
departments of physics, and explains the construction, the methods of adjustment, and 
the manner of using instruments of precision. 

The fourth year the student spends in the physical laboratories, pursuing experi- 
mental investigations, schedules of which are prepared for him by the Professor of 
Physics. 

To give an idea of the character and scope of this work, we here cite some of the 
investigations at which the student works during the senior year. 

The use of measuring instruments which employs the vernier, micrometer screw, 
micrometer microscope, and divided circle ; the construction of linear scales and divided 
circles on the linear and circular dividing engines ; the comparison of the lengths of the 
standard yard and meter ; determinations of the co- efficients of expansion of solids and 
liquids ; the testing and correction of thermometers ; the determination of the specific 
heats of various solids and liquids ; calorimetry, as applied to the determination of the 
heat producing powers of various fuels ; also the use of pyrometers and the various means 
available for determining the temperatures of furnaces and like highly heated spaces. 
Practice in photometry. The measurement of the angles of crystals and of prisms with 



109 



the reflecting goniometer and spherometer, and the determination with the latter instrument 
of the wave lengths of a few of the rays of the spectrum. Methods of measuring the indices 
of refraction of substances, of determining the focal lengths and magnifying power of 
lenses, and the use of instruments, such as the saccharometer, involving the employment 
of polarized light. The plotting of a map of part of the spectrum. 

In the organization of the Department of Physics, two objects were sought : First, 
to give thorough instruction to the students by means of lectures, fully illustrated by 
experiments, and by recitations on general physics, followed by practical experi- 
mental work in the physical laboratory ; and, secondly, to advance knowledge in this 
department of science by original researches, conducted by the Professor of Physics. This 
mode of work has been of eminent service to the student, by causing a lively interest in 
his studies, as he verifies and extends, by his laboratory experiments, the knowledge 
which he had previously derived from lectures and text books. 

The extensive cabinet of instruments which the Institute possesses affords the student 
advantages which are nowhere excelled. 

Books oj Reference — Kohlrausch's Introduction to Physical Measurements; Pickering's 
Elements of Physical Manipulations; G-lazebrook and Shaw's Practical Physics — D. 
Appleton k Co, N. Y., 1885 ; Stewart and Gee's Lessons in Elementary Practical Physics 
— MacMillan & Co., London, 1885. 

Department of Mechanical Drawing. 

In the organization of the Department of Mechanical Drawing, the object aimed at is 
to make the course of instruction thorough, practical, of direct utility, and comprehensive. 

The requirements of many of the industrial arts at the present day are such as to 
necessitate the delineation, not only of what already exists, but of what is yet to be made. 
Both demand a knowledge of the science of drawing, and the latter especially involves a 
certain exercise of the imagination, in order to form clear physical conceptions of the 
particular design in contemplation, not only in regard to its appearance as a whole, but as 
to the relations and proportions of its parts. 

This ability to form a vivid and distinct mental image, as well as to fix it permanently 
by accurate representations, though useful to all, is more emphatically so to the Mechanical 
Engineer, who is daily called on, not to copy what has been done, but to do what has 
not been. 

These considerations have been kept distinctly in sight in the conduct of this depart- 
ment. The matter taught and the method of teaching have been selected with a view of 
giving the student a firm grasp of principles, of developing and strengthening his 
imaginative power, and giving him direct practice in the application of both. The course 
adopted to attain these ends may be briefly outlined as follows : 

The foundation is laid by practice in the simple drawing of lines, in order to acquire 
facility in the manipulation of the instruments. The exercises selected are such as will 
be of subsequent use, arranged in a progressive order, beginning with geometrical con- 
structions involving straight lines and circular arcs only, and ending with the more com- 
plex curves, such as the ellipse, heiix, epicycloids, etc. Attention to symmet^, propor- 
tion and arrangement is enforced from the first, the diagrams not being copied, but 
constructed. 

Elementary studies of projection are then taken up, the method adopted being that 
of beginning by making the drawings of a solid object bounded by plain surfaces, such as 
a prism, in various positions, and proceeding by degrees to the similar treatment of more 
complex forms. The relation between the drawing and the thing drawn is more easily 
grasped at first, when the latter is not a mere abstraction, like a line or plane in space, 
but a definite and tangible object ; and when the subject is presented in this manner, no 
difficulty is experienced with the simpler problems of intersection and development, which 
not only bring the imaginative faculty into play, but afford practical exercises of great 
utility. 

The next step is to the drawing of parts of machines from actual measurements. The 
student is at once set to work as a draughtsman. A part or a whole of some piece of 



110 



mechanicism is assigned to him, which he is to study, to measure, to sketch, and finally 
to draw, the requirements being exactly as if he were employed in the drawing office of 
an engineering establishment, that he shall produce complete working plans, from which 
the original could be replaced were it destroyed. He thus acquires some knowledge of 
details, and is taught to observe closely, while at the same time his previously acquired 
skill and information are practically applied. 

Simultaneously with this, Descriptive Geometry is taken up as an abstract science ; 
not as an ultimate object, but its practical application being always kept in view, it is 
made a means to an end, and that end is the acquirement of such a mastery of the prin- 
ciples of drawing, that the student shall be able to cope with any problem when it arises 
in the course of his practice. The identity of the operations with those of Mechanical 
Drawing is never lost sight of, and the problems are frequently put in a practical form. 
This is not done exclusively, however, because they afford, in the abstract, the best possible 
exercise of the imaginative power. The study is continued in application to Shades and 
Shadows, and to Linear Perspective, in connection with which the principles of Aerial 
Perspective, as applied to the shading of mechanical objects, are explained, and a little, 
time is given to practice in the execution of finished drawings. But the ability to make- 
elaborately shaded pictures is regarded as the least valuable of the qualifications of a 
mechanical draughtsman. However great his skill in this way may be, the accomplish- 
ment will save him but little in his professional career if it be acquired at the expense of 
accuracy, or facility in the construction of working plans. Therefore, while it is designed 
to impart a thorough understanding of the principles involved in making such drawings, 
comparatively little time is devoted to their practical execution. 

The mechanical engineer plans machines, and these move ; consequently the study 
of the laws of their motions is an important branch of his education ; and it is properly 
given a place in this department, since to make the drawings of a piece of mechanism 
implies the making of them so that each part shall move in harmony with the rest, and 
the depth of engineering disgrace is reached when, through any oversight, one part inter- 
feres with another. This study might, also, especially when the more complicated 
mechanical movements are considered, be regarded as a branch of applied mathematics of 
the higher order. But, however these laws may be investigated, this fact remains : that 
for the purpose of the draughtsman the results must be translated into his language, and 
expressed in graphic form — the ways of the analyst are not his ways, and the algebraic 
formula must be replaced by a diagram. Fortunately, however, the investigations may 
be made, at least as applied to by far the larger and more important part of the motions 
with which he has to deal, in his own language and by his own methods. In this part of 
the course, therefore, the Geometry of Mechanism is taught by graphical construction 
alone, practical exercises in the plotting of mechanical movements, the drawing of the 
various forms of gearing, the construction of curves representing varied motion, and the 
like, being introduced from time to time. 

Further, the course includes some practices in actual planning. A subject being 
assigned or selected, the student proceeds to work it up as though already engaged in the 
active pursuit of his profession ; making first a skeleton diagram of the movement, and 
sketching in the proposed arrangement of parts, he calculates the strength and proportion 
of these, modifying the original plan when it is found necessary to do so by the results of 
these calculations, then making drawings of each part in detail, and finally a general plan 
of the completed design ; a general supervision being exercised over the work while in 
progress, and hints and suggestions as to details and arrangement being made as occasion 
arises. 

It should be stated, also, that much care is taken throughout the course to form the 
habit of correct judgment in determining what drawings to make of any subject in hand, 
and how to arrange them most advantageously. Written instructions in regard to this are 
exceedingly meagre, and yet it is a very important matter. The object is to show the work- 
man what to make and how to make it ; and experience proves that it is very easy to produce 
drawings which are perfectly correct, and yet do not clearly illustrate the objects repre- 
sented. Nothing facilitates the operation of the mechanic more than to have a set of 
working plans which are clear, easily read, and connectedly arranged, and it is almost as. 






Ill 



important that the draughtsman should know just what to draw as that he should be 
able to draw it well ; from the first to the last, therefore, the student is taught the neces- 
sity of exercising his judgment in this direction, as well as care and forethought in all 
that he does. 

Summarily, then, the object of the course is not merely to teach the student to read 
and write certain set phrases of the graphic language with ease and fluency, but to enable 
him to wield it with power and for a purpose. He is taught not so much to memorize as 
to compose ; he is encouraged to think for himself, and to acquire vigor and facility by 
giving expression to new ideas ; his practice during the course being made as nearly as 
possible to resemble that upon which he will enter at its close. 

Department of Chemistry. 

The material employed for purposes of instruction in this department, while embracing 
too great a variety of substances and apparatus to be particularly described, may be 
conveniently summarized under its most important heads. 

First. — Apparatus for purposes of demonstration and for teaching, by means of lec- 
ture illustration, the principal topics of general and applied chemistry. This includes the 
various forms of apparatus designed by Hofmann and others for elucidating the doctrines 
of modern chemistry. 

Second. — Materials for qualitative, volumetric, and quantitative analysis, including 
standard solutions and apparatus for the determination of weight and volume, which have 
been carefully calibrated and adjusted. As part of this material, should be mentioned, a 
cabinet of somewhat more than 3,000 specimens of the principal ores, minerals and rocks. 

Third. — Instruments of precision employed in the graduation of eudiometers, the 
measurement of crystals, in the operations of gas, analysis, etc. 

The study of chemistry is taken up at the beginning of the second year by instruc- 
tion in the subject of chemical physics, in the laws of chemical combination, and in the 
principles involved in the determination of atomic and molecular weights. This is followed 
by the study of chemical notation and nomenclature, with practice in stoichiometry. 
Afterwards, the subject of chemical structure is taken up, along with an examination of 
the chemical and physical properties of bodies, as far as is involved in their identification 
and chemical classification. 

Instructions in these general principles is accompanied by a course of lectures, the 
chief object of which is to supply the experimental demonstrations required. 

Books of Reference. — First Principles of Chemical Philosophy, Cooke; Manual of 
Chemistry, Fowne ; Einleitung in die Moderne Ohemie, Hofmann ; Histoire des Doctrines 
Chimiqu,es, A. Wurtz ; Dictionary of Chemistry, Watts ; Manual of Mineralogy, Dana ; 
Metals, Bloxam ; Handbuch der Organischen Ohemie, Beilstein. 

Department of Analytical Chemistry. 

In this department the course of instruction is arranged with special reference to the 
wants of the mechanical engineer. 

Qualitative analysis is studied during the second year by the usual laboratory prac- 
tice, and each student must give satisfactory evidence of his ability to make a thorough 
qualitative analysis of the more commonly occurring technical products before advance- 
ment to quantitative analysis. 

The analyses performed during the third year consist principally of iron ores, lime- 
stones, fuels, furnace gases, alloys, paints, waters, cast iron and steel, slags and lubricat- 
ing oils. 

Schemes for analysis are written out for each case, after a thorough qualitative 
examination has first been made by the student, and this method is pursued in preference 
to using the usual quantitative text-books. 

Rapidity of execution with accuracy is insisted upon, the correct determination of 



the few principal constituents of the substance under examination being of the first import- 
ance, rather than the determination of all. 

The latter is more the province of the analytical chemist than of the mechanical 

ueer. 

A graduate of the Institute should be thoroughly familiar with the properties of 
the materials he expects to use in the practice of his profession ; their origin and process 
of manufacture. He should have a definite idea of their chemical composition, and know 
what elements exert a good as well as an injurious influence upon the materials for the 
purposes they are to be used, and he should be able to determine the amounts of such 
elements whenever necessary. 

Practical problems of varied character are constantly being brought to the Depart- 
ment of Analytical Chemistry by persons engaged in the various manufacturing industries, 
and the results, when of sufficient interest and of a general character, are given to the 
students. 

Visits are made from time to time by the Professor of Analytical Chemistry to 
various metallurgical and smelting works for the purpose of obtaining the latest methods 
in use at the works and in their analytical laboratories. By these means it is believed 
the student secures the benefits of all the new and useful processes in the shortest possible 
time. 

Books of Reference. — Fenton's Qualitative Analysis ; Fresenius' Qualitative Analysis; 
Fresenius' Quantitative Analysis ; Fleischer's Volumetric Analysis ; Wanklyn's Water 
Analysis ; Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis ; Troilius' Iron and Steel Analysis ; 
Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry. 

Department of Engineering. 

The chief aim of this department is to instruct the student in those subjects which 
will enable him to design a machine, or a plant of machinery, in accordance with scientific 
principles \ or to review such as have been previously made. 

During the junior year the studies will pertain to the mechanical properties of 
building materials, foundations of structures, the mechanism of engines, and the general 
principles of designing machinery. Problems are frequently given under each of these 
heads to make certain that the student can apply the principles which he has studied to 
practical cases. 

During the senior year the principles of energy will be studied in connection with 
such motors as hydraulic motors, windmills, steam, air and gas engines, pumps, compressors, 
refrigerators and special machines of known types. As much time as circumstances will 
permit will be given to Thermodynamics and its applications. Problems requiring 
designs, and others requiring numerical solutions, are occasionally given. Instruction is 
given chiefly through text-books and frequent lectures. 

The plan of the instruction consists in requiring labor on the part of the student, 
ascertaining by suitable tests if knowledge is acquired, and giving assistance when needed. 
At the close of the course, a " Graduating Thesis " is required of every student, in 
which he is expected to exhibit his proficiency by designing and describing the construc- 
tion and management of some machine, by planning some manufacturing establishment, 
giving bills of materials and estimates of cost, or by describing some original research, in 
the course of which he has investigated some subject of importance to the profession and 
obtained new and valuable information and data capable of practical application in 
mechanical engineering. These are deposited in the Institute, and are open for inspection. 
Instruction in regard to the proper materials for tools, their forms and modes of use 
in the construction of machines, is given in " Shop-work." 

Experiments to test certain theoretical principles are given in the " Course of 
Experimental Mechanics." 

Books of Reference. — Mechanics of Engineering, Moseley ; Mechanics of Engineering, 
Weisbach ; Strength of Machinery, Van Buren ; Proportions of Steam Engines, Marks ; 
Friction and Lubrication, Thurston j Workshop Appliances, Shelley ; Steam Boilers, 
Wilson ; Steam Engine, Goodeve ; Materials of Construction, Thurston ; Lowell 



113 



Hydraulic Experiments, Francis ; Theory of Heat, Maxwell ; The Steam Engine, Holmes ; 
Manual of Marine Engineering, Seaton ; Manual for Railroad Engineers, Vose ; Manual 
for Mechanical Engineers, Clark ; Machine Design, Unwin ; Carpentry, Tredgold ; Casting 
and Founding, Spretson ; Specifications and Contracts, Haupt ; Aid-book, Mattheson ; 
Mechanical Theory of Heat, Clausius ; Elementary Treatise on Heat, Stewart ; The 
Windmill, Wolff ; Treatise on Heat, Box. 

Department of Experimental Mechanics and Shop-work. 

The work-shop fitted up by President Morton, and formally presented by him to the 
Trustees on the 14th of May, 1881, is provided with machine and other tools, so as to 
accommodate fifty students at one time. 

The " work-shop " course of the Institute is intended to supply the student with a 
knowledge, as complete as possible, of the best existing appliances, methods and processes 
necessary to the construction of such mechanical designs as the theoretical part of the 
Institute's course will enable him to originate. 

In accordance with this plan, the Institute is provided with a machine and carpenter 
shop, an iron and brass foundry, and a blacksmith's shop, in which the student is first 
sufficiently familiarized with tho working of wood and metal, to enable him to recognize 
and appreciate differences in machines, tools and methods of manipulation in founding 
and blacksmithing, after which he is taken to certain large manufacturing establishments, 
so selected as to enable him to see and examine, on a large scale, that with which the 
Institute's shops have afforded him familiarity in an elementary and limited degree. 

The shop schedule provides : 

1. That classes work consecutive days each week in the shop so that any work 
started in a machine or at any spot on the first day of attendance is not disturbed until 
the end of the weekly working interval. 

2. That no work is assigned to any class on Saturday, thus making that day available 
for extra work, so that students joining the Institute's advanced classes can be given an 
opportunity to use the shop tools, etc., during other hours than those assigned to their 
class. They may therefore gradually make up such deficiency in shop practice as may 
exist compared with the students who have entered as freshmen. Saturday as a day for 
extra work also provides a time for the " working off" of conditions in shop work — an 
important detail quite impossible of attainment heretofore, inasmuch as Saturday had to 
be devoted by the shop to the regular instruction of the juniors, and Friday, the only 
idle day for the shop, found conditioned students engaged in other departments under the 
regular roster. 

3. That all pattern-making exercises are undertaken after instruction in moulding 
is finished, and fall upon dates during the Supplementary Term, where continuous 
intervals of time are available for the work and when the wood-turning lathes are nearly 
all without claimants — two conditions quite essential to the attainment of any definite 
results in a subject so exacting as pattern-making. 

4. That the shop exercises are completed before the close of the junior year, thus 
enabling experimental work, such as the slide-valve exercises, tests of strength of materials, 
etc., as per list in schedule, to be undertaken contemporaneously with the study of these 
matters in engineering and mechanics, and also relieving the experimental programme 
for the supplementary term at the end of the junior year of its items of minor importance, 
which will enable more attention to be given to the important matters, such as engine 
testing, etc. 

Students work in pairs on the metal lathes, planers, drill press, miller, at steam- 
fitting and blacksmithing, and in groups of four at millwrighting, this arrangement 
having been found to give much better results than working singly. 

Part of the work that previous to this time has been done in the senior supple- 
mentary term has been incorporated in the shop-work course, viz. : Tension of belting in 
transmitting different horse-power ; rate of flow of water under a constant head through 

9 (r. E.) 






114 



different lengths of pipe, and through pipes containing globe valves, cocks and elbows ; 
use of steam engine indicator in connection with a slide-valve engine and model specially- 
arranged to secure to the student a thorough knowledge of the exact signification of the 
several portions of an indicator card. 

Determination of the maximum load that can be sustained by tension pieces of tool 
steel, machine steel, wrought iron, cast iron, and brass that have been turned to a 
standard size during the metal lathe course. 

% Elasticity of a pine beam 32 feet long, supported at its ends and loaded at various 
points along its length. 

All this experimental work occurs after the first regular term of the sophomore year, 
at which time the students will have acquired sufficient knowledge to calculate the results 
from formula?, as well as to derive them from experiment. In the moulding course the 
cupola is used as often as a sufficient number of molds are prepared to consume an entire 
charge of metal. With six students in the foundry, casting occurs every second day. 

The time devoted to shop-work by each student is distributed as follows : — 



Metal lathe .' . . 225 hours. 

Pattern-making 100 " 

Metal planer 65 " 

Vise work 40 " 

Molding 40 " 

Wood-turning 40 " 

Blacksmithing 40 " 

Miller , 32 " 

Drill press 24 " 

Millwrighting 24 " 



Carpentry 25 

Brass-turning 20 

Steam-fitting 16 

Steam boilers 16 

Metal testing 8 

Elasticity of pine beam 8 

Flow of water through pipes ... 8 

Friction of belting . . . 8 

Indicator cards 8 



houi 



Course of Experimental Mechanics. 



This is a course given to the senior class during the supplementary term, and during 
a portion of the regular terms, which is intended to be supplementary to the work of the 
third year in Analytic and Applied Mechanics, Resistance of Materials and Heat, as well 
as preparatory to the study of the steam engine, pursued during the regular terms of the 
fourth year. 

The interest manifested in these exercises during the four years in which they have 
been introduced has stimulated the department to make systematic arrangements for 
their continuance and for more thorough instruction in the execution of the experimental 
tasks. It is arranged under eight groups, and each group is capable of affording three 
tasks, each of which, students working in pairs, can perform in one day of eight hours. 
Consequently, provision is made for forty-eight students as a maximum. The programme 
of operations is as follows : — 

During the months of July and August a party of assistants will rehearse the exer- 
cises, so that no time need be lost in preparations during September. The same assist- 
ants will take charge of a group of exercises during the Supplementary Term, and will aid 
students to secure, without loss of time, the data belonging to experiments. As soon as 
the data of any one experiment are secured, the students will report to the Chief Instruc- 
tor, who will direct such calculations as are necessary to deduce from the observed data 
the desired conclusions, after which the next exercise in regular order will be assigned; 
Blanks for the data to be observed and for the results to be deduced will be in readiness, 
so that the success of each task within the specified time may be assured. 






Department of Engineering Practice. 



During the month of November a course of lectures on the Practice of Engineering 
is delivered, after the plan adopted in medical schools and known as clinical instruction. 
The lecturer in this instance being one whose range of practical experience extends over 




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115 



a period of more than forty years: in the rolling mill, in locomotive building and in gen- 
eral millwright practice, machine tool building, hydraulic power as applied to hoisting, 
etc. The object being to teach shop practice, the management of workmen, cost of pro- 
duction and shop superintendence generally. 

Facilities for Engine Testing in the Department op Experimental Mechanics. 

The accompanying schematic plan exhibits the general arrangement of apparatus 
which has been gradually accumulated during the past three years for experimental prac- 
tice in engine testing, and which is now utilized in a systematic manner during the sum- 
mer term for instruction in experimental mechanics provided for the Senior Class after 
the completion of their Junior year. 

By reference to the drawing, it may be seen that the arrangements comprise a 35 
horse-power Buckeye engine, placed upon an intermediate level, so that the power de- 
veloped from it may be absorbed by a dynamo on an upper level, and the steam consumed 
may be received into condensers or graduated tanks upon lower levels. 

The arrangements upon the highest level for absorbing and measuring the power 
developed by the engine consist of a large dynamo, mounted upon a Brackett cradle dyna- 
mometer, whose electric energy may be received by the large main rheostat, whence it is 
radiated into the atmosphere at a uniform rate. • 

This dynamo is excited by an auxiliary machine driven by a separate small engine, 
so that, by means of the field rheostat, the resistance of the large dynamo as a load upon 
the engine may be made equivalent to any horse-power from 3 to 35, and such load be 
maintained so constant that the main engine can be given a fixed cut-off and run at a 
fixed speed without the use of the governor. Any given load can thus be maintained for 
an unlimited period of time. The engine can be entirely relieved of all load except its 
own friction by means of the belt- tightener shown. 

The Brackett dynamometer is capable of measuring twentieths of a horse power with 
precision. 

The condensing facilities comprise both a jet and a surface condenser. The latter 
form is the most recent acquisition to the plant, and has been made through the gener- 
osity of the inventor of the condenser, Mr. F. M. Wheeler. 

In using the jet condenser, the mixture of condensed steam and condensing water is 
delivered by the air pump into one of the graduated tanks, whose capacity is about 8,000 
pounds, and there measured. The condensing water is measured by the water metre at 
the entrance to the condenser, and the steam used by the engine is, therefore, determin- 
able by difference from the quantity received in the tank. 

In using the surface condenser, the condensed steam is weighed directly by the plat- 
form scales shown, and the condensing water again determined by the metre. 

The water fed to the boilers is determined by drawing it from one of the graduated 
tanks, by which means a check is available upon the steam consumption, as determined 
by the condensers, etc., at the opposite end of the system. 

A recording steam gauge, a revolution counter, a centrifugal speed indicator, or 
tachometer, indicators, clariometer, etc., are included, as indicated on the drawing. 

Extra connections for steam and exhaust render the facilities described available for 
testing the economy of portable engines, which the department is occasionally called upon 
to examine. 

Opportunity is provided for an inspection tour, to be made by the Senior Class. 
The following is the usual route pursued : — 

April 1 — Bethlehem, Eagle Hotel — Steel and zinc manufacture — Bethlehem Iron 
and Zinc Works. 

April 2 — Philadelphia, Girard House — (1) Welding, fitting and testing of wrought 
iron pipe — Morris & Tasker's Pascal Iron Works. (2) Arrangement and outfit of first- 
class machine shops — Sellers' Machine Works. (3) Locomotive manufacture — Baldwin 
Locomotive Works. (4) Marine engines and ship-building — Cramp's Ship Yard. 

April 5 — Hartford, Allyn House — (1) Machine tools, taps and dies, and standard 



116 



gauges; gear cutting by machinery and drop forging — Pratt & Whitney Co. (2) Im- 
provements in automatic screw machinery; recovery of oil from metal cuttings; straight- 
ening of bar iron — Hartford Screw Co. (3) Machinery for manufacture of repeating 
rifles; manipulation of Gatling gun; construction of disc and Baxter engines; automatic 
wood-screw machinery; latest attempt at setting type by machinery — Colt's Armory. 
(4) Latest methods of heating and ventilation — Hartford State House. (5) Extreme 
case of use of fast speed engines for large steam power plant — Willimantic Linen Mill. 

April 6 — Springfield, Massasoit House — (1) Construction and use of turbine water 
wheels — Holyoke Machine Works. (2) Testing of turbines — Holyoke Testing Flume. 
(3) Manufacture of paper — Dickinson Paper Mills. 

April 7 — Boston, United States Hotel — (1) Most improved machinery for rapid 
working of brass — Hancock Inspirator Co.'s Shops. (2) Testing of large sizes of materials 
— Emery Testing Machine, Watertown Arsenal. (3) Types of modern pumping engines: 
Leavitt walking-beam and fly-wheel type, and Worthington direct acting type — Boston 
Sewage Pumping Station, Dorchester. 

April 8 — Providence, Narragansett House — (1) Manufacture of machines in dupli- 
cate by most improved machine processes — Wilcox & Gibbs' Sewing Machine; machine 
moulding, pickling and annealing of cast-iron for milling machine work — Brown & Sharp 
Manufacturing Co. (2) Supply water to cities and towns; direct distribution — Hope 
Street Station, Corliss five (5) cylinder direct engine and Nagle-geared form of engine; 
reservoir distribution — Pawtucket Waterworks, Corliss compound engines and Swan tur- 
bine water wheels. 

April 9 — Fall River, Wilbur Hotel — (1) Manufacture of cotton fabrics and stan- 
dard single Corliss engine — Barnard Mills. (2) Medium high-speed engines and latest 
types of compound mill engines — Globe Mills. 

Department of Applied Electricity. 

In this department, which has now been in successful operation for three years, the 
theoretical knowledge acquired in our previous regular course has been supplemented by 
systematic laboratory instructions ; in the management and care of batteries, galvan- 
ometers, rheostats, electrometers, condensers, etc. ; in the measurement of resistances of 
wires, batteries, insulation, resistance, and capacity of cables, electro-motive force, etc. 
These and other experiments have been made sufficiently numerous and varied to 
familiarize the student with electrical terms, as potential, electromotive force, resistance, 
etc. ; to give him a realizing sense of the various electrical magnitudes, as Volts, Ohm, 
Ampere, etc., and to point out the quantitative relations of these units to the ordinary 
mechanical ones. 

Special attention is given to problems in connection with dynamo machines, such as 
the measurement of powerful currents, determinations of efficiency in generators and in 
electric motors, photometry of arc and incandescent lamps, consumption of energy in 
generators, conductors and lamps, dimensions of wires for various currents, etc. 



117 



MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BOSTON). 



Historical Sketch. — The foundation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology- 
was laid in a report by Professor William B. Rogers, entitled " Objects and Plan of an 
Institute of Technology, including a Society of Arts, a Museum of Arts, and a School of 
Industrial Science." A charter for the institution thus projected was granted by the 
Legislature of Massachusetts in an Act dated April 10, 1861. In this charter, the 
threefold plan outlined by Professor Rogers, who became the first President of the 
Institute of Technology, was preserved. 

Of the three integral parts of the Institute, the Society of Arts was first organized, 
and has continued ever since to hold semi-monthly meetings from October to May of each 
year. 

The School of Industrial Science was opened in February, 1865, in temporary rooma 
in Mercantile Building, Summer Street, Boston, with twenty-seven pupils, of whom four- 
teen graduated with the diploma of the Institute of Technology in 1868. The first build- 
ing of the Institute of Technology, now known as the Rogers' Building, was erected on 
land conceded by the State, and was occupied by the chemical department in the spring 
of 1866. In the fall of the same year the whole School of Industrial Science, together 
with the Society of Arts, was removed to the same structure. 

Two subsidiary schools have been organized under the control of the Corporation of 
the Institute ; one, the Lowell School of Practical Design ; the other, the School of 
Mechanic Arts. 

Less formal action has been taken for carrying out the purposes of the founders of 
the Institute of Technology in the establishment of a Museum of Arts. Varied and 
valuable collections have been made, which, taken together, would constitute no incon- 
siderable foundation for such a museum ; but, thus far, this material has been divided, 
so that the portions especially relating to individual departments of study and research 
might be placed within easy reach of the students and teachers respectively concerned 
therewith. 

Buildings. — The buildings now occupied are (1) the Rogers Building, on Boylston 
Street, devoted to the engineering departments and to instruction in mathematics, 
mechanics, literature, history, political science, geology, mineralogy, and physiology ; (2) 
the New Building, corner of Boylston and Clarendon Streets, mainly devoted to the 
departments of chemistry, physics, civil engineering, and architecture, and to instruction 
in language; (3) a series of laboratories, drawing and recitation rooms, at the foot of 
Garrison Street, mainly devoted to work in the mechanic arts and to the instruction of 
the Mechanic Arts School and the Lowell School of Design ; (4) a gymnasium and drill 
hall, on Exeter Street. 

SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE. 

The Faculty of this School is particularly strong, consisting of twenty-seven 
professors or assistants, and forty-eight instructors in technological subjects, as follows : — 
Francis A. Walker, Ph.D., LL.D., President. 

John D. Runkle, Ph.D., LL.D., Walker Professor of Mathematics. 
William A. Atkinson, A.M., Professor of English and History. 
George A. Osborne, S.B., Professor of Mathematics. 

Robert H. Richards, S.B., Professor of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy. 
Charles P. Otis, A.M., Ph.D., Professor of Modern Languages. 



118 



Alpheus Hyatt, S.B., Custodian of the Boston Society of Natural History, Professor 
of Zoology and Palaeontology. 

William H. Niles, Ph.B., A.M., Professor of Geology and Geography. 

Charles R. Cross, S.B., Thayer Professor of Physics, and Director of the Rogers' 
Laboratory. 

Gaetano Lanza, S.B., C.E., Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; in 
charge of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. 

Theodore M. Clark, A.B., Professor of Architecture. 

Thomas M. Drown, M.D., Richard Perkins Professor of Analytical Chemistry. 

George F. Swain, S.B., Professor of Civil Engineering. 

Eugene Letang, Assistant Professor of Architecture. 

Jules Luquiens, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Modern Languages. 

William T. Sedgwick, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biology. 

Silas W. Holman, S.B., Associate Professor of Physics. 

Webster Wells, S.B., Associate Professor of Mathematics. 

Lewis M. Norton, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Organic and Industrial Chemistry. 

William O. Crosby, S.B., Assistant Professor of Mineralogy and Lithology. 

Alfred E. Burton, S.B., Assistant Professor of Topographical Engineering. 

Peter Schwamb, S.B., Assistant Professor of Mechanism and Director of the 
Workshops. 

Cecil H. Peabody, S.B., Assistant Professor of Steam Engineering. 

Thomas E. Pope, A.M., Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry. 

Linus Eaunce, S.B., Assistant Professor of Drawing. 

D wight Porter, Ph.B., Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering. 

Frederick W. Clark, S.B., Assistant Prof essor of Mining and Metallurgy. 

C. Frank Allen, S.B., Assistant Professor of Railroad Engineering. 

Henry K. Burrison, S.B., Instructor in Mechanical Drawing. 

Ellen H. Richards, A.M., S.B., Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry. 

Arthur N. Wheelock, A.M., Instructor in English. 

Samuel G. Stephens, Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. 

S. Homer Woodbridge, A.M., Instructor in Physics and Lecturer on Ventilation. 

Gen. Hobart Moore, Instructor in Military Tactics. 

William W. Jacques, Ph.D., Instructor in Telegraph Engineering. 

Howard V. Frost, S.B., Instructor in General Chemistry. 

Clement W. Andrews, A.M., Instructor in Organic Chemistry. 

Charles L. Adams, Instructor in Freehand Drawing. 

Jerome Sondericker, S.B., C.E., Instructor in Applied Mechanics. 

Joseph J. Skinner, Ph.D., Instructor in Mathematics. 

Davis R. Dewey, Ph.D., Instructor in History and Political Science. 

Charles A. French, S.B., Instructor in Mathematics. 

George H. Barton, S.B., Instructor in Determinative Mineralogy. 

George R. Underwood, S.B., Instructor in Industrial Chemistry. 

Frederic L. Bardwell, S.B., Instructor in General Chemistry. 

Arthur J. Purinton, S.B., Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. 

Harry W. Tyler, S.B., Instructor in Mathematics. 

George T. Dippold, Ph.D., Instructor in Modern Languages. 

William L. Puffer, S.B., Instructor in Physics. 

Allyne L. Merrill, S.B., Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. 

Henry B. Talbot, S.B., Instructor in Chemical Analysis. 

Eleazer B, Homer, S.B., Instructor in Architecture. 

D wight H. Perkins, Instructor in Architecture. 

Eugene H. Babbett, A.B., Instructor in Modern Languages. 

John F. Machado, Instructor in Spanish. 

Charles W. Eaton, Instructor in Drawing. 

Edward G. Gardiner, Ph.D., Instructor in Biology. 

Peter Burns, Instructor in General Chemistry. 

Frederick Fox, S.M., Assistant in Sanitary Chemistry. 



119 



Dana P. Bartlett, S.B., Assistant in Mathematics. 
Harry E. H. Clifford, S.B., Assistant in Physics. 
Edward S. Foss, S.B., Assistant in General Chemistry. 
Edward F. Miller, S.B., Assistant in Mechanical Engineering. 
Arthur G. Robbins, S.B., Assistant in Civil Engineering. 
Arthur A. Noyes, S.M., Assistant in General Chemistry. 
Ralph E. Curtis, S.B., Assistant in Mechanical Engineering. 
Fred P. Emery, A.B., Assistant in English and History. 
John M. Fox, S.B., Assistant in Drawing. 

William O. Hildreth, S.B., Assistant in Mechanical Engineering. 
Charles B. Kendall, S.B., Assistant in General Chemistry. 
Walter S. Moody, Assistant in Physics. 

George W. Patterson, jr., A.B., S.B., Assistant in Mathematics. 
Timothy W. Sprague, S.B., Assistant in Mining and Metallurgy. 
Alfred J. Wakeman, S.B., Assistant in Chemical Analysis. 
Joseph P. Grabfield, Ph.D., Assistant in General Chemistry. , 
William E. Roberts, Assistant in Drawing. 

The Instructors and Assistants in the Mechanic Arts are : 

Theodore B. Merrick, Instructor in Wood-work and Foundry-work. 

James R. Lambirth, Instructor in Forging. 

Robert H. Smith, Instructor in Machine-Tool Work. 

John W. Raymond, jr., Assistant in Forging. 

Frank W. Leavitt, Assistant in Wood-work. 

William S. Carpenter, Assistant in Machine-Tool work. 

Lecturers for the Current Year. 

George W. Blodgett, S.B., on Applications of Electricity to Railway Working. 

Henry M. Howe, A.M., S.B., on Metallurgy. 

C. Howard Walker, on History of Ornament. 

Ross Turner, on Water Color and Sketching. 

Charles W. Hinman, S.B., on the Manufacture of Illuminating Gas. 

Walter S. Allen, S.B., on the Manufacture of Fertilizers. 

Eliot Holbrook, S.B., on Railroad Maintenance. 

Charles E. Mills, in charge of Life Class. 

David A. Gregg, on Fine Art. 

David L. Barnes, on Locomotive Construction. 

Anthony C, White, S.B., on the Distribution of Electricity for Commercial Purposes. 

Edward Blake, Ph.B., on the Construction and Applications of Electromotors. 

Requirements for Admission. 
To the Regular Courses. 

First Year — To be admitted as a regular student in the first-year class, the applicant 
must have attained the age of seventeen years, and must pass a satisfactory examination 
in Arithmetic, Algebra, Plane Geometry, French, English, Grammar and Composition, 
History and Literature, and Geography. 

The requirements in the various subjects are as follows: 

1. Arithmetic. — Prime and composite numbers; greatest common divisor and least 
common multiple; ratio and proportion; common and decimal fractions; percentage; 
simple and compound interest ; compound numbers ; metric system of weights and meas- 
ures ; square root. A satisfactory treatment of these subjects may be found in either 
Seaver and Walton's, Wentworth and Hill's, or Greenleaf's Complete Arithmetic. 



120 



2. Algebra. — Fundamental operations ; use of parentheses ; factoring; highest com- 
mon factor; lowest common multiple; fractions, simple and complex; simple equations, 
with one or more unknown quantities; involution of' monomials and polynomials ; evolu- 
tion of monomials and polynomials and the cube root of numbers ; the theory of exponents 
with applications; radicals, including rationalization, imaginary quantities, properties of 
quadratic surds, square root of a binomial surd, and solution of equations containing 
radicals ; quadratic equations ; equations in the quadratic form ; simultaneous quadratic 
equations; theory of quadratic equations ; ratio and proportion ; arithmetical progression; 
geometrical progression ; binomial theorem, with proof for a positive integral exponent. 
A satisfactory treatment of the topics in Algebra may be found in either of the following 
text-books : Wells' Academic, Wentworth's Elementary, or Todhunter's Algebra for 
Beginners. 

3. Plane Geometry. — As much as is contained in the first five books of Wells', Chau- 
venet's, or Wentworth's Geometry. Much more importance will be attached to the 
applicant's ability to demonstrate new propositions than to reproduce the demonstrations 
of those propositions which he has learned in his text-book. 

Note — Solid Geometry. — Candidates will be allowed an examination, in September, in Solid Geometry, 
and if successful, will be excused from studying the subject after admission. 

4. French — Elements of grammar, and some practice in translation. At least a year 
of careful work upon Part I. of Otto's Grammar, and fifty or sixty pages of easy reading, 
represents, in general, the required amount. Practical exercises, both oral and written, 
are essential. 

Note — German. — Candidates not prepared in French may substitute an equivalent in German. Otis' 
"Elementary German " represents the required amount. In this case the German will be continued and 
finished during the first year, and the following two years will be devoted to French. 

5. English. — The applicant will be expected to be reasonably well acquainted with 
the essentials of English grammar, and to be able to detect common errors in style ; but 
it is recommended to teachers that in preparing candidates their chief attention be given 
to simple practical exercises in English composition. 

6. History and Literature. — The candidate will be expected to give evidence of a 
real acquaintance with some portion of History. The examination paper will presume 
acquaintance with the main facts of the history of the nineteenth century. But any can- 
didate who may so elect will be given, as a substitute therefor, a paper which presumes 
acquaintance with (1) the history of England since the Great Rebellion; or (2; the his- 
tory of the North American Colonies and the United States; or (3) the history of Greece 
and Rome. This choice is offered in order that the requirements of the Institute may not 
unduly disturb the courses of study in the various preparatory schools. 

In Literature the applicant must give evidence that he has really read and is familiar 
with some of the classical English writers in prose and verse, and that he has at least a 
general knowledge of the place in English history of England's greatest writers. 

Experience having shown that the specifying of books or of particular courses of 
study, in subjects where the methods of teaching vary so widely, proves a great incon- 
venience to many teachers in the arrangement of their classes, the above requirements 
have designedly been made as general as possible, in the .hope that this course may lead 
to a more genuine style of preparation in English subjects, and to the avoidance of all 
" cramming " of text-books. 

7. Geography. — The text-books intended for use in grammar schools usually repre- 
sent the amount of preparation required. Practice in freehand map-drawing from 
memory is strongly recommended. 

In general, the training given in the best high schools and academies will afford 
suitable preparation. To the student, the importance of thorough preparation is great ; 
since the character and amount of instruction given in the school from the outset leave 
little opportunity for one imperfectly fitted to make up deficiencies, and render it 
impossible for him to derive the full benefit from his course, or perhaps even to maintain 
his standing. 



121 



Students will find their progress in Physics and Chemistry promoted by making 
themselves thoroughly familiar with so much of Physics as is contained in Balfour 
Stewart's Primer. 

A knowledge of the Latin language is not required for admission ; but the study of 
Latin is strongly recommended to persons who purpose to enter this school, as it gives a 
better understanding of the various terms used in science, and greatly facilitates the 
acquisition of the modern languages. Those who intend to take the course in Natural 
History will find it advantageous to acquire also the elements of Greek. 

Second, Third and Fourth Years. — To be admitted as a regular student in either of 
these classes, the applicant for this advanced standing must have attained the proper age 
(eighteen, nineteen, and twenty years respectively), must in general pass satisfactorily 
the examination for admission to the first-year class, and examinations on all of the sub- 
jects given in the earlier years of the course which he desires to enter. 

Graduates of colleges are admitted to the Institute without examination, and will be 
permitted to enter any of the courses at such a point as their previous range of studies 
shall allow. If prepared to enter upon most of the studies of the third year they will be 
afforded opportunity to make any studies of the earlier years in which they are deficient : 
they will, in general, be credited with all subjects in earlier or later years in which they 
can show, by examination or otherwise, a standing satisfactory to the Faculty, and be 
received provisionally as regular students. 

Courses of Instruction. 

The School of Industrial Science of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
provides an extended series of scientific and literary studies, and of practical exercises. 
The courses of study include the Physical, Chemical, and Natural Sciences and their 
applications ; Pure and Applied Mathematics ; Drawing ; the English, French, German, 
and other Modern Languages ; History ; Political Science ; and International and Busi- 
ness Law. These studies and exercises are so arranged as to afford a liberal and practical 
education in preparation for active pursuits, as well as a thorough training for most of 
the scientific professions. 

The following regular courses of study, each of four years duration, have been 
established ; and, for proficiency in any one of them, the degree of Bachelor of Science, 
S.B., in the course pursued is conferred. Descriptions of the courses are given. 

I. Civil and Topographical Engineering. 

II. Mechanical Engineering. 

III. Mining Engineering. 

IV. Architecture. 
V. Chemistry. 

VI. Electrical Engineering. 

VII. Natural History. 

VIII. Physics. 

IX. General Course. 

Options. — To enable a student to devote himself more closely to some one or more 
chosen branches of the professional or scientific course which he has undertaken, optional 
lines of study are introduced into the later years. In some cases the selection of later 
options is positively determined by the earlier ones, owing to the requirement of certain 
subjects as preparation for others ; in others, a wide choice is offered throughout all the 
years, the difference in this respect arising largely from the nature of the topics involved. 

Five Years' Course. — Students purposing to take the degree of the Institute, but for 
exceptional reasons (as ill-health or inadequate preparation) finding it advantageous to 
take fewer studies at any one time than are prescribed in the schedules for the regular 
four years' courses, may pursue a course arranged with a view to a fifth year, without 
becoming classified as special students. The five years' course includes in any depart- 
ment all the studies of the regular course, in general in the same sequence. This is all 



122 



that is required, jet, owing to the additional time taken, an opportunity for more ex- 
tended study of professional or other topics will be possible. Students in this course are 
under the especial direction of a committee appointed by the Faculty. 

Advanced Courses of study may be pursued either with or without reference to the 
advanced degrees authorized by the corporation. 

Free Evening Courses of scientific and literary instruction, open to both sexes, are 
given each year, being supported by the trustee of the Lowell Institute. 

Schedules and Descriptions of the Courses. — The following pages contain schedules 
showing the distribution of studies throughout each of the several courses given in the 
School of Industrial Science. Each schedule is preceded by a brief description of the 
course. 

The first year for all courses is the same, and contains subjects which are 
considered essential as preliminary training, and as a foundation for the more 
strictly professional studies of the later years of all courses. At the end of the first 
year, the regular student selects the course which he will pursue during the remaining 
three years ; and his work becomes more specialized thereafter as it progresses. 

The Schedule of Topics gives information as to the nature, number, and period of 
occurrence of exercises in any particular topic, the name of the instructor, and the pre- 
paration required for admission to exercises in that subject. This is particularly of 
service to the regular student in selecting options, and to the special student in affording 
the means of ascertaining precisely what instruction is given in any topic which he may 
desire to pursue, when, at what length, and by whom it is treated, and exactly what 
preparation will be demanded of every applicant for the topic considered. By careful 
consultation of this schedule, the special course may be so planned that the earlier 
studies shall afford suitable preparation for the more advanced work towards which the 
course is directed. 



REGULAR COURSES. 

Schedules of Prescribed and Optional Studies. 
First Year. 

Common to all Regular Courses. 

First Term. Second Term. 

Solid Geometry. Algebra. 

Algebra. Plane Trigonometry. 

General Chemistry. General Chemistry. 

Chemical Laboratory. Chemical Laboratory. 

History of the English Language. Political History since 1815. 

English Composition. French (or German). 

French (or German). Mechanical and Freehand Drawing. 

Mechanical and Freehand Drawing. Military Drill. 

Military Drill. 

I. — Civil Engineering. 

This course is designed to give the student a thorough training, both theoretical and 
practical, in the sciences and principles upon which the sound practice of civil engineer- 
ing is based. The principles taught are exemplified in the solution of many practical 
examples, and the student is made familiar with the instruments and the problems of 
general occurrence. The fourth year is devoted to purely professional work. 



123 



The rapid specialization now going on in the various departments of civil engineer- 
ing renders ib desirable that students should be allowed some choice of direction in their 
more advanced studies. The course therefore offers, principally in the fourth year, a 
selection among three options or lines of study — namely, a General Course in Civil 
Engineering ; a course in which more than usual attention is devoted to roads, rail- 
roads, and railroad management ; and a course giving special attention to geodesy, 
geology, and topography. 

The more purely professional work is divided as follows : In the second year a full 
course in surveying, with extended practice in the field, supplemented by work in the 
drawing-room, prepares the student for the more advanced work to follow ; the subjects 
of topographical drawing and mineralogy are also completed. In the third year the sub- 
ject of railroads is taken up, with structure drawing, plane-table work, and mechanics. 
In the fourth year, equipped with his knowledge of mechanics, the student takes up the 
subjects of hydraulics, bridges, strength of materials, sanitary engineering, etc., as well 
as the advanced courses in railroads and in geodesy. 

In the summer vacation following the third year, students taking the geodetic option 
are required to devote several weeks to field work in geology, topography, and geodesy. 



First Year. 
Same for all Courses. 



Second Year. 



First Term. 

Surveying ; Compass and Transit. 
Plotting from Notes. 
Analytic Geometry. 
Physics. 

Political Economy, 
German. 

Spherical Trigometry. 
Options. 
1, 2. Adv. Geometrical Drawing, 
o ( Topographical Drawing. 
{ Descriptive Astronomy. 



Second Term, 



Levelling ; Profiles and Contours. 

Differential Calculus. 

Physics. 

Physical Geography. 

English Prose. 

German. 

Options. 

n \ Topographical Drawing. 

3. Mineralogy. 



Third Year. 



First Term. 



Railroad Engineering. 
Field Work and Drawing in Rail- 
road Location. 
Structure Drawing. 
Integral Calculus. 
General Statics. 

Physics : Lectures and Laboratory. 
Structural Geology. 
Literature. 
German. 

Options. 

9 < Foundations. 

3. Chemical Geology. 



Second Term. 



Railroad Engineering. 
Field Work and Drawing in Rail- 
road Location. 
Plane-Table Work. 
Physical Laboratory. 
Historical Geology. 
European History. 
German. 
* Options. 

1 (' Kinematics and Dynamics. 
< Strength cf Materials. 

2 ( Stereotomy. 

„ f Determinants. 
( Spherical and Prac. Astronomy. 



124 



Fourth Year. 



First Term. 

Principles of Construction. 
Bridges and Roofs. 
Hydraulic Engineering. 
Strength of Materials. 
Bridge Design. 
Metallurgy of Iron. 
Hydraulic Field Work. 
Options. 

| Sanitary Engineering. 
1 < R. R. Management, r H v'ug 

( and Ventilation. 

2. R. R. Eng. and Management. 

/Not definitely arranged; but to 
o J include Geodesy, Least Squares, 

\ Mining, and Special Geological 

( Research. 



Second Term. 



Bridges aud Roofs. 
Principles of Construction. 
Thesis Work. 

Options. 
Hydraulic Engineering. 
Bridge or Hydraulic Design. 
Geodesy and Astronomy, or Ma 

chinery and Motors. 
Hygiene and Public Health 



1- 



or 



Advanced Bridge Work. 



Bridge Design. Railroads. 

Machinery and Motors. 

Not definitely arranged ; but to 
include Advanced Geodesy, 
Geology, and Topography, with 
Mining and other subjects. 



II. Mechanical Engineering. 

The course aims to equip the student with such training in pure and applied 
mathematics as shall qualify him to deal with the engineering problems of his profession 
from the most favorable standpoint. It attempts by instruction, both theoretical and 
practical, to acquaint him with engineering practice, and to give him a proper ground- 
work upon which to base a professional career. The more strictly professional work of 
the course may be classified as follows : — 

1. Mathematics, physics, and applied mechanics, given outside the department; 
the last including the study of, and practice in testing the strength of materials. 

2. Recitation-room work of the department proper, beginning with a study of the 
principles of mechanism, the construction of gear-teeth, etc., and continued by courses on 
machine tools and cotton machinery. Courses are given on the slide-valve and link, 
thermodynamics, theory of the steam-engine, and on steam-boilers. The fourth-year 
instruction includes such mechanical engineering subjects as dynamometers, governors, 
fly-wheels, springs, rotative effect of reciprocating parts, balancing of engines, injectors, 
steam-pumps, cylinder condensation, hydraulics and hydraulic motors, etc. An option is 
given among courses on marine engineering, locomotive construction, and mill 
engineering. 

3. Drawing-room work. The students in the second year make working-drawings 
from measurements, and the drawings necessary in connection with the course in 
mechanism and gear construction. In the third year they make detail and assembly 
drawings from machinery, and this is followed by mechanism designs, and boiler drawings. 
In the fourth year a course in machine design is given. 

4. Shop-work, including carpentry, pattern-making, foiging, chipping, filing, aud 
machine-tool work. 

5. Mechanical engineering laboratory work. This begins with drill in steam- 
engine tests in the second term of the» third year, and is continued throughout the 
fourth year, including tests of boilers, pumps, power, etc., and a large amount of inves- 
tigation. 

First Year. 



Same for all Courses. 



125 



First Term. 



Second Year. 



Second Term. 



Principles of Mechanism. 
Construction of Gear Teeth. 
Drawing. 

Carpentry and Wood Turning (shop- 
work). 
Analytic Geometry. 
Descriptive Geometry. 
Physics. 

Political Economy. 
German. 



Mechanism of Mill Machinery. 

Mechanism of Shop Machinery. 

Drawing. 

Pattern Work (shopwork). 

Differential Calculus. 

Physics. 

English Prose. 

German. 



Third Year. 



First Term. 



Second Term. 



Slide Yalve. Link Motion. 

Thermodynamics. 

Steam Engineering. 

Drawing, Design, and Surveying. 

Forging (shopwork). 

Integral Calculus. 

General Statics. 

Physics : Lectures and Laboratory. 

German. 



Steam Engineering. 
Drawing, Design, and Surveying. 
Mech. Engineering Laboratory. 
Forging, Chipping, and Filing (shop- 
work). 
Kinematics and Dynamics. 
Strength of Materials. 
Physical Laboratory. 
European History. 
German. 



Fourth Year. 



First Term. 



Second Term. 



Mechanical Engineering. 

Hydraulics. 

Machine Design. 

Mech. Engineering Laboratory. 

Engine Lathe Work (shopwork). 

Strength of Materials. 

Metallurgy. 

Heating and Ventilation. 

Options. 

1. Marine Engineering. 

2. Locomotive Construction. 

3. Mill Engineering. 



Hydraulic Engineering. 
Mech. Engineering Laboratory. 
Engine Lathe Work (shopwork). 
Strength and Stability of Structures. 
Theory of Elasticity. 
Constitutional History. 
Thesis Work. 



Options. 



1. 



Marine Engineering. 



2. Locomotive Construction. 

3. Mill Engineering. 



III. Mining Engineering. 



This course is planned to prepare students for Mining, Geology, and Metallurgy, in 
accordance with the present demand for men. It is therefore laid out with three 
options. The first, for mine engineers, includes courses in calculus, applied mechanics, 
and motors. The second emphasizes the geological subjects, and leads towards the 
surveying of geological deposits, with special reference to their economical value. The 
third is devoted to the metallurgical and chemical sides of the profession. 



126 



The instruction in mining includes a course of lectures on the general character of 
the various deposits of useful minerals, and on the theory and practice of mining opera- 
tions, such as prospecting, boring, sinking of shafts, driving of levels, different methods 
of working, hoisting, pumping, ventilation, etc, Ore-dressing and metallurgy are taken 
up in a course of lectures, accompanied by a series of continuous practical exercises in 
the mining and metallurgical laboratories in the concentration and smelting of ores. 

A large amount of time is devoted in this course to chemistry, especially in its 
application to the analysis of inorganic compounds. 

After the first term of the second year, the study of mathematics and applied 
mechanics is confined to those following the first option, students in the second option 
devoting themselves throughout the remainder of the course more particularly to 
physical, chemical, geological, and zoological work, while those in the third make a 
specialty of metallurgy and metallurgical chemistry. 

During the second and third year,- German, physics, mineralogy, and geology are 
prescribed; and courses in physical geography, biology, history, etc., are laid down in 
the several options. 

First Year. 
Same for all Courses. 

Second Year. 



First Term. 

Chemical Analysis. 

Physics. 

German. 

Analytic Geometry. 

Surveying. 

Drawing. 

Blowpipe Analysis. 



Second Term. • 

Chemical Analysis. 

Physics. 

German. 

Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis. 

Options. 

1. Surveying ; Diff. Calculus. 

2. Physical Geography ; Microscopy ; 

Chemistry. 

3. Surveying ; Physical Geography ; 

Chemistry. 



Third Year. 



First Term. 



Second Term. 



Chemical Analysis. 

Geology. 

German. 

Mining. 

Physics : Lectures. 

Options. 

1. Chemistry ; Integral Calculus and 

Applied Mechanics. 

2. Chemistry ; Literature ; Physical^ 

Laboratory ; Zoology and Palae- 
ontology. 

3. Literature ; Special Methods ; Physi- 

cal Laboratory ; Theoretical 
Chemistry. 



Chemical Analysis. 

Assaying. 

German. 

Mining. 

Geology. 

European History. 

Options. 

1. Applied Mechanics. 

2. Chemistry ; Physical Laboratory \ 

Zoology and Palaeontology. 

3. Chemistry ; Physical Laboratory. 



127 



Fourth year. 



First Term. 

Chemical Analysis. 
Mining Laboratory. 
Modern History. 
Ore Dressing. 
Metallurgy. 
Memoirs. 

Options. 

1. Applied Mechanics. 

2. Special Geological Work. 

3. Special Metallurgical Work. 



Second Term. 



Chemical Analysis. 
Modern History. 
Metallurgy. 
Memoirs. 

Options. 

1. Mining Laboratory ; Motors. 

2. Special Geological Work. 

3. Mining Laboratory ; Motors. 



IV. Architecture. 

Throughout this, as in the engineering courses, extends a full course in mathematics, 
pure and applied, to serve as a basis for professional work. 

The more strictly professional work begins in the second year, with the study of the 
five orders and their applications, and of architectural history. The student is made 
familiar with the materials and principles of construction, by lectures, problems and 
visits to buildings. The subject of specifications and contracts is thoroughly gone over. 
Practice in architectural design is continued throughout the course. Instruction is given. 
in sketching in black and white and water-color, and drawing both from the cast and 
from life. Regular students pursue, in addition to this work, courses in German, French . 
and English, and, through the second and third years, in physics. 

All special students in Architecture are required to take in full, as a minimum, the, 
following two years' course : — 

Schedule op Partial Course in Architecture. 



First Year. 



First Term. 



Second Term. 



Elements of Archi- 



The Orders and 

tectuie. 
Sketching and Water Color. 
Mechanical and Free-hand Drawing. 
Materials. 

Elementary Mechanics. 
Architectural History. 



Original Design. 

Sketching and Water Color. 

Mechanical and Free-hand Drawing. 

Shades, Shadows and Perspective. 

Common Constructions. 

Graphical Statics. 

Architectural History. 



Second Year. 



First Term. 

Original Design. 
Sketching and Water Color. 
Specifications. 
History of Ornament. 
Problems in Construction. 
Ventilation and Heating. 
Working-Drawings and Framing. 



Second Term. 



Original Design. 

Sketching and Water Color. 

Specifications and Contracts. 

History of Ornament. 

Planning. 

Iron Construction. 

Schools, Theatres, Churches. 

Ventilation and Heating. 

Surveying. 

Stereotomy. 

Problems in Construction. 






128 

First Year. 

Same for all Courses. 



Second Year. 



First Term. 



Materials. 

Architectural History. 
Drawing. 

The Orders and Elements of Architec- 
ture. 
Analytic Geometry. 
Physics. 

Descriptive Geometry. 
Political Economy. 
German. 



Second Term. 



Original Design. 

Common Constructions. 

Architectural History. 

Shades, Shadows and Perspective. 

Sketching. 

Differential Calculus. 

Physics. 

English Prose. 

German. 



Third Year. 



First Term. 



Original Design. 

Sketching and Water Color. 

Working-Drawings and Framing. 

Lectures on Fine Art. 

Integral Calculus. 

General Statics. 

Structural Geology. 

Physics : Lectures and Laboratory. 

German. 



Second Term. 



Original Design. 

Sketching and Water Color. 

Iron Construction. 

Kinematics and Dynamics. 

Strength of Materials. 

Stereotomy. 

Physical Laboratory. 

European History. 

German. 

Acoustics. 



Fourth Year. 



First Term. 

Advanced Original Design. 
History of Ornament. 
Sketching in Water Color. 
Problems in Construction. 
Specifications. 
Strength of Materials. 
Lectures in Fine Art. 
Heating and Ventilation. 
Advanced French. 



Second Term. 

Advanced Original Design. 
Sketching in Water Color. 
Planning. 

Schools, Theatres and Churches. 
Problems in Construction. 
Specifications and Contracts. 
Constitutional History. 
Heating and Ventilation. 
Advanced French. 
Thesis Work. 



V. Chemistry. 



The course in Chemistry is primarily designed to prepare students for actual work 
in connection with manufactures based on chemical principles. It is also adapted to 
those who intend to become teachers of chemistry. 



129 



The class-room work consists of a full course of lectures on general chemistry, and 
lectures on theoretical, analytical, industrial and organic chemistry. The non-chemical 
studies, such as mathematics, physics, mineralogy, English, history, political economy 
and language, are selected with reference to their bearing on chemical work for their 
educational value. 

The student spends a large part of the four years in the laboratories, the work 
being arranged as follows : In the first year there is general laboratory practice, in which 
the student is taught the nature of chemical processes and the use of chemical apparatus 
and is drilled in accurate habits of observation. Analytical chemistry — qualitative and 
quantitative — is begun in the second year, and continues throughout the course. Indus- 
trial, sanitary and organic laboratory practice follow in the third and fourth years. 

While there is a certain prescribed course of study and work in the separate depart- 
ments of chemistry, which all regular students must pursue, there is allowed great 
latitude of choice of subjects in the third and fourth years. 

Effort is made to develop self-reliance in the student, so that he may be fitted to 
make his way without assistance. To this end he is obliged to make investigations, 
involving original research and reference to the appropriate literature in English, French 
and German. 

First Year. 
Same for all Courses. 



Second Year. 



First Term. 



Second Term. 



Chemical Analysis. 

Theoretical Chemistry. 

Physics. 

German. 

Political Economy. 

Analytic Geometry. 



Chemical Analysis. 

Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis. 

Physics. 

German. 



English Prose. 



Options. 

Differential Calculus. 
J Physical Geography. 
\ Microscopy. 



Third Year. 



First Term. 



Second Term. 



Chemical Analysis. 

Special Methods. 

Industrial Chemistry. 

Physics : Lectures and Laboratory. 

German. 

Literature. 

Options. 

Integral Calculus. 

Geology. 

General Physics (Electricity). 

Sanitary Chemistry. 

10 (t.e.) 



Chemical Analysis. 
Theoretical Chemistry. 
Industrial Chemistry. 
Physical Laboratory. 
German. 
European History. 

Options. 

Physics. 

Geology. 

Sanitary Chemistry. 

Industrial Chemistry. 



130 



Fourth Year. 

First Term. Second Term, 

Chemical Analysis. Organic Chemistry. 

Abstracts. Thesis Work. 

Organic Chemistry. 

Physics. 

Metallurgy. 

Optiom, 

Physics. 
Language. 
Sanitary Chemistry. 

Laboratory Options. 

Analytical Laboratory. 

Organic Laboratory. 

Metallurgical Laboratory. 

Industrial Laboratory. • ■ 



VI. Electrical Engineering. 

This course has been established in order to meet the wants of young men desirous 
of entering upon the practice of any of the various applications of electricity in the 
arts. Its leading studies are physics, especially theoretical and applied electricity, 
mathematics, and mechanical engineering. 

A broad training is obtained by the introduction of full mathematical courses, 
and studies in history, literature, political economy, and French and German, the latter 
being of importance in obtaining at first hand a prompt acquaintance with invention 
and discovery. Of the technical studies of the course, those in mechanical engineering 
run parallel with the electrical subjects, since in many branches of electrical engineering 
a sound knowledge of mechanics, motors, of measurements of power and its trans- 
mission, etc., is essential. Thus, through the second year the students follow mathe- 
matics, mechanism, shopwork, and drawing, to about the same extent as those of the 
mechanical engineering course. In the third year the pure and applied mathematics, 
mechanics and mechanical engineering (lecture and laboratory work) are much the same 
in the two courses ; and certain of these subjects are continued in the fourth year. 

A full course in physics begins with the second year and continues, by lectures, 
recitations, and laboratory work, to the end of the third year. A portion of this is 
devoted to electricity ; and at the middle of the second year, special readings and 
recitations on this topic are begun, by which the study of the theory of electricity is 
continued until the end of the third year. Work in the physical laboratory commences 
at the middle of the second year, and leads up to electrical measurements and testing. 
In the fourth year are given extended courses on the technical application of electricity 
to the telegraph, telephone, electric light, etc. Electrical study and research occupy the 
principal position in the fourth year. A series of advanced mathematical topics is 
also an important part of the work of this year. 



First Tear. 
Same for all Courses. 



131 



Second Year. 



First Term. 

Physics : Lectures. 
Mechanics and Acoustics. 
Analytic Geometry. 
Descriptive Geometry. 
Mechanism. 

Carpentry and Wood -turning. 
Political Economy. 
German. 



Second Term, 



Physics : Lectures. 
Physical Laboratory. 
Acoustics and Electricity. 
Differential Calculus. 
Mechanism. 
Drawing. 
Metal Tuning. 
English Prose. 
German. 



Third Year. 



First Term. 



Physics : Lectures and Laboratory. 

Electricity : Readings. 

Integral Calculus. 

General Statics. 

Mechanical Engineering. 

Drawing. 

Literature. 

German. 



Second Term. 



Physical Lab.: Heat, Electricity 
Electricity : Readings. 
Kinematics and Dynamics. 
Strength of Materials. 
Mechanical Engineering. 
Mech. Engineering Laboratory . 
Drawing. 

European History. 
German. 



Fourth Year. 



First Term. 



Technical Applications of Electricity 
to Telegraph, Telephone, Electric 
Lighting, etc.: Lectures. 

Phys. Lab.: Electrical Testing and 
Construction of Instruments. 

Testing of Telegraph Lines, Dynamo 
Machines, etc. 

Advanced Physics : Memoirs, etc. 

Photometry. 

Method of Least Squares. 

Mechanical Engineering. 

Mech. Engineering Laboratory. 

Applied Mechanics, Thermodynamics, 
Hydraulics, etc. 



Second Term. 



Technical Applications of Electricity, 
Advanced Physics, Memoirs, etc. 
Physical Research. 
Differential Equations. 
Calculus of Variations. 
Mech. Engineering Laboratory. 
Discussion of the Precision of Meas-? 
urements. 

Options. 

1. Quaternions. 

2. Physical Laboratory. 

3. Theory of Potential. 



Note. — The student is advised to take Advanced German. 



VII. Physics. 



As distinguished from the professional or technical courses, e.g., those in Engineering 1 
Architecture, etc., there are offered by the Institute courses of a purely scientific nature, 
of which this is one. It contains a series of studies adapted to those who wish to become 
teachers of physics, or who desire to begin upon a course in pure science with a view to 
its further continuance, or wholly as a matter of training. A strong line of mathematical 
topics and the continuous study of physics are its leading features. General, theoretical. 



132 



and organic chemistry, and chemical analysis, occupy a position next in prominence to 
mathematics, but of hardly less importance. Options are so arranged that choice may be 
made between the pursuit of more advanced mathematical and chemical topics ; also 
between shopwork instruction in the use of tools and work in the biological laboratory. 

The historical, and other allied subjects, and the modern languages continue through- 
out the first three years ; and the latter, which are of great importance, may be further 
prolonged if desired. Chemistry may be continued up to the middle of the last year, and 
mathematics, pure and applied, is required throughout the whole four years. Physics 
begins with the second year, and by lectures, readings, recitations, and laboratory exer- 
cises extends to the close of the course. A large amount of experimental work is per- 
formed, and an experimental investigation is undertaken during the fourth year in 
connection with the preparation of the thesis. At all times it is sought to encourage the 
spirit of original research, and to impart an understanding of the principles upon which 
scientific investigation, especially in quantitative measurement, should be conducted. 

The advantages offered by the Rogers Laboratory of Physics, notably in the direction 
of electricity, acoustics, and heat, by the large equipment of apparatus, are somewhat 
Unusual. The study of special topics is greatly facilitated by many valuable libraries to 
which, by right or courtesy, the students have admission. 

First Year. 
Same for all Courses. 



Second Year. 



First Term. 

Physics : Lectures. 
Mechanics and Acoustics. 
Analytic Geometry. 
Chemical Analysis. 
Theoretical Chemistry. 
Descriptive Astronomy. 
Political Economy. 
German. 



Second Term, 



Physics : Lectures. 
Physical Laboratory. 
Acoustics and Electricity. 
Differential Calculus. 
Microscopy. 
English Prose. 
German. 

Options. 

1. Chemistry. 

2. General Theory of Equations and 

Determinants. 



Third Year. 



First Term. 



Physics : Lectures and Laboratory. 

Optics or Electricity : Readings. 

Integral Calculus. 

General Statics. 

Physical Laboratory. 

Literature. 

German. 

Options. 

( Chemistry. 
1 < Physiology of the Senses, or 

( Shopwork. 

{Analytic Geometry of Three 
Dimensions. 
Physiology of the Senses, or 
Shopwork. 



Second Term. 



Physical Laboratory : Heat, Elec- 
tricity. 

Optics, Electricity, or Heat : Read- 
ings." 

Kinematics and Dynamics. 

Strength of Materials. 

Theoretical Chemistry. 

European History. 

German. 

Options. 

1. Chemistry. 

2. Advanced Analytic Geometry and 

Calculus. 



133 



Fourth Year. 



First Term. 



Physical Laboratory. 

General Physics. 

Advanced Physics : Memoirs, etc. 

Principles of Scientific Investiga- 
tion. 

History of Physical Science. 

Photography. 

Applied Mechanics : Thermody- 
namics. 

Method of Least Squares. 

Options. 

1. Chemistry. 

2. Definite Integrals. 



Second Term. 



Physical Research. 
General Physics. 

Advanced Physics : Memoirs, etc. 
Differential Equations. 
Calculus of Variations. 
Discussion of the Precision of Mea- 
surements. 

Options. 

Physiological Measurements. 
Physical Laboratory. 
Quaternions. 
Theory of Potential. 



Requirements for Graduation. 

The degree, Bachelor of Science, in the course pursued, is given for the satisfactory 
completion of any regular course of study. 

To be entitled to a degree, the student must have passed satisfactory examinations 
in all the prescribed studies and exercises, and, in addition, a final or degree examination, 
embracing all the subjects which particularly relate to his course. He must, moreover, 
prepare a dissertation on some subject included in his course of study; or an account of 
some research made by himself ; or an original report upon some machine, work of 
engineering, industrial works, mine, or mineral survey ; or an original achitectural 
design accompanied by an explanatory memoir. This thesis or design must be submitted 
to the Faculty for approval three days before the first degree examination, unless the 
thesis or design be dependent on laboratory work, in which case it must be presented two 
days after the close of the respective laboratories. 

Students leaving the school before graduation shall be entitled to receive an honors 
able dismission, if their record for conduct, attention to studies, and scholarship, is satis- 
factory to the Faculty. 

Advanced Courses. 

The degree, Master of Science, is awarded for proficiency in complete advanced 
courses of study of at least one year's duration. 

The degrees, Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science, are awarded for proficiency 
in complete advanced courses of study of at least two year's duration. 

The particular course of study which candidates for these degrees wish to pursue 
must be submitted in writing to the Faculty, and must meet with approval. Occasional 
short absences, when the time is spent upon professional work by advice of the Faculty, 
will not be considered as interruptions of the student's residence. 

Advanced courses in chosen lines of study, and without reference to the degrees, 
may be pursued by graduates of the Institute without preliminary examination, or by 
Bachelors of other institutions, who shall satisfy the Faculty, by examination or other- 
wise, that they are qualified to take with advantage the course proposed. 

Methods and Apparatus of Instruction. 



Ordinary Exercises — Instruction is given by lectures and recitations, and by practical 
exercises in the field, the laboratories, and the drawing-rooms. Text-books are used in 
many, but not in all subjects. In many branches, the instruction given differs widely 
from available text-books ; and, in several such cases, notes on extended courses of 



134 



lectures and laboratory work have been printed, either privately or by the Institute, and 
are furnished to the students at cost. A high value is set upon the educational effect 
x>f laboratory practice, drawing, and field-work. 

Written Examinations — Besides oral examinations in connection with the ordinary 
exercises, written examinations are held from time to time. Near the close of the months 
of January and May, general examinations are held. After the examinations, the stand- 
ing of the student in each distinct subject is reported to his parent or guardian. The 
examinations of January and May form the basis of admonition or advice from the 
Faculty in the case of students who are not profiting by their connection with the 
school. 

The Instruction in Mathematics — Great importance is attached to the study of 
mathematics, both as a means of mental discipline and as affording a necessary basis for 
further instruction in the engineering and other courses. 

The four topics following are taken by all regular students : — 

1. Advanced Algebra. 

2. Solid and Spherical Geometry. 

3. Logarithms and Plane Trigonometry, with practical applications to the computa- 
tion of triangles and the solution of such problems as occur in surveying. 

4. Plane Analytical Geometry, including the equations and properties of the point, 
right line, and circle, and of the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. (Optional in the 
General Course.) 

Following these, a course in Spherical Trigonometry, including the solution of 
problems of latitude and longitude, is given to students of Civil Engineering. Students 
in all the Engineering courses receive instruction in the Differential and Integral 
Calculus. 

In addition to the above, the following topics are given in some courses : — 

1. Differential Equations, with applications to problems in Geometry. 

2. The Theory of Probability and Method of Least Squares, including the adjust- 
ment of observations and the computation of probable errors. 

3. Determinants. 

As elective work, opportunities are afforded for the study of — 

1. Advanced Trigonometry, including De Moivre's Theorem and its applications. 

2. The General Theory of Equations, with the solution of higher equations by 
methods of approximation. 

3. Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions : the equations and properties of the 
point, right line, and planer, of the sphere, cylinde, and cone, and of the paraboloids, ellip- 
soides, and hyperboloids. 

4. An advanced course in Analytical Geometry and the Calculus. 

5. Definite Integrals, with the theory of the Gamma function. 

6. Quaternions, 

The Instruction in Descriptive Geometry. — The exercises in Descriptive Geometry are 
of two kinds. In the lecture-room the instruction is given by means of models and 
diagrams, and also by the use of text-books. In the drawing-room the student is drilled 
in the construction of such problems as shall illustrate the work of the class-room, and 
make him thoroughly familiar with this branch of mathematics. 

The Instruction in Drawing. — Instruction is given to all regular students in the 
principles of Geometrical, Mechanical, and Freehand Drawing ; and a large amount of 
time is devoted to practice in the drawing-room, to enable the student to acquire the 
fcfccessary skill, and to prepare him for his future work. Drawing is also continued in 
connection with the professional studies, 



135 



The Instruction in Modern Languages. — While the primary object of the instruction 
in French and German is reading, so that the student may avail himseK of foreign works 
relating to his particular department, much importance is attached to the study of these 
languages as a means of general training. In either case, a thorough and systematic study 
of the structure of the language is deemed to be an essential basis. This is, however, 
accomplished by means of practical work with the language itself, including written and 
oral exercises, rather than by an abstract study of the rules of grammar. French (see 
conditions of admission) is continued through one year, and German through two 
years, for all regular students. In certain courses, especially in IX. there is advanced 
and special work in French and German, both optional and required. Instruction in the 
elements of Italian and Spanish is also required. 

The Instruction in English. — In this department all regular students receive a course 
of instruction in English Composition, in the History and Composition of the English 
Language, in the elements of Inductive and Deductive Logic, and in the History of 
English Literature. Practice in composition, under the personal supervision and criticism 
of the instructor, is required, and the principles of good style are further studied and 
illustrated by the critical reading of standard English authors. In this connection a brief 
study is made of the history of the English language and the sources of its vocabulary. 
All regular students are required, in their third year, to attend a course of instruction on 
some one great period in the history of English literature. More extended instruction 
in these subjects is given in course IX. 

The Instruction in History and Political Science. — All regular students receive 
instruction in the history of recent times, followed by a course in general European His- 
tory, and a course in English and American Constitutional History. A course in Political 
Economy is given to all regular students. Students in the General Course receive more 
extended instruction in History and Political Science. 

The Instruction in Chemistry. — All students who are candidates for degrees attend a 
course of lectures on Inorganic Chemistry, illustrated by experiments, and perform aetual 
experimental work in the laboratory for general chemistry. The lectures are intended to 
prepare the student for his work in the laboratory, and to emphasize the facts which he 
there learns. In the laboratory the student receives instruction in chemical manipulation, 
and performs a series of experiments designed to illustrate the properties of the more 
important elements and the laws of chemical action. In connection with the lectures in 
Inorganic Chemistry, the elements of theoretical chemistry are taught; and the student 
has practice in the solution of stochiometrical and other chemical problems. The study 
of the theory of the s ibject is continued by a more advanced course of lectures and recita- 
tions, in which are presented the prevailing theoretical views as to chemical action, the 
constitution and classification of chemical compounds, as well as certain portions of mole- 
cular physics which bear directly upon chemical theories, especially in the matter of 
thermo-chemistry. 

The instruction in Analytical Chemistry extends through two or more years. Each 
student is given a desk in the laboratory, which is open to him at all times, and he receives 
personal instruction. Regular students have analytical work assigned them with, parti- 
cular reference to the course they are pursuing. This work is so arranged that they 
obtain experience in a great variety of methods and processes, and are thus prepared to 
undertake any chemical analysis. The more industrious students, and those who work 
extra time in the laboratory, have the privilege of supplementing their regular laboratory 
course with special work and instruction if they desire it. Special students may select 
any branch of analytical work for which they are qualified. 

Particular attention is given to volumetric analysis. A special laboratory is fitted 
for this work, and the students are taught to graduate and calibrate the various 
instruments of measurement. 

As an introduction to original work, each student is required to undertake a critical 
examination of some process of analysis, to determine its limits of accuracy under various 
conditions, and to make a written report thereon. 



136 



The special instruction in the laboratory is supplemented by lectures upon methods 
of analysis and manipulation ; and the current chemical literature in English, French, 
and German is reviewed by the students, and subsequently discussed in the class-room 
under the direction ot one of the professors. 

The instruction in Sanitary Chemistry consists mainly of laboratory work, and 
special laboratories have been equipped for the purpose. For all who choose to pursue 
this subject, a minimum amount of work is laid out, consisting of practice in the methods 
commonly used in the chemical examination of air and water, of milk and butter. For 
those who wish to take a more extended course opportunity is afforded for the critical 
study of other methods of analysis, for the examination of other articles of food, and for 
the investigation of a variety of sanitary problems in which chemical questions are 
involved. 

Industrial Chemistry is taught by a course of lectures, and by work in the labora- 
tory of industrial chemistry. A full description of the most important technical 
applications of chemistry is given in the lectures. A part of the lectures is given by 
persons actively employed in carrying out the processes which they describe. In tho 
industrial laboratory the students prepare chemical products from raw materials. They 
also undertake the preparation of pure chemicals. They are taught fractionation and 
distillation. Particular attention is paid to the preparation of dyes and mordants. A 
full course of instruction in bleaching and dyeing is given. It includes scouring, bleach- 
ing of cotton and wool, and the dyeing of yarn and cloth. The students are taught how 
to make comparative dyeing and printing tests, and qualitative tests to determine the 
dyes present upon fibers. The students also become familiar with many of the most 
useful methods of commercial analysis. The laboratory instruction is supplemented by 
frequent excursions to manufacturing establishments, where the practical working of 
chemical industries can be examined. 

The instruction in Organic Chemistry consists of lectures and laboratory work. 
The theories of organic chemistry are discussed, and the practical applications 
of these theories described. The work in the laboratory consists of ultimate analysis, 
preparation of organic products and original research. The researches undertaken in this- 
laboratory deal for the most part with those problems in organic chemistry which have a 
distinctively technical bearing. Ample opportunities are afforded for the prosecution of 
investigations in the domain of pure chemistry. 

The instruction in Chemistry is designed primarily for those who are candidates for 
the several degrees of the institute, and for such special students as are looking to 
chemistry as a profession, and are following, in the main, the courses laid out for the 
regular students. These special students are required to study French and German as a 
part of their course, and are held to the same examinations in the subjects which they 
pursue as are the regular students. In addition, the institute desires to make available 
all the facilities of the lecture- rooms and laboratories to teachers who wish to perfect 
themselves in chemistry, and to persons of mature years who are engaged in technical 
pursuits, and who wish to acquire an accurate knowledge of the science. Such persons 
may be admitted without formal examinations, on satisfying the professors in the depart- 
ment that they are competent to pursue to advantage the subjects chosen. 

The Kidder Laboratories of Chemistry afford accommodations for five hundred 
students. The chemical department occupies fourteen laboratories, two lecture-rooms, 
a reading-room and library, balance-room, offices, and supply-rooms : in all, twenty-three 
rooms. The laboratory for general chemistry has places for two hundred and eighty- 
eight students, and is very completely equipped for instruction in elementary chemistry. 
The analytical laboratory can accommodate one hundred and fifty students, and possesses 
every convenience for accurate and rapid analytical work. The organic laboratory has 
places for thirty students. Conveniences are afforded for conducting offensive and dan- 
gerous operations in the open air, or in a separate room. The sanitary laboratories 
contain places for sixteen students. They possess a very complete outfit for the analysis 
of air and water, and for the investigation of sanitary problems. The laboratory for 
industrial chemistry accommodates sixteen students. It contains jacketed kettles, a 



137 



centrifugal drier, drying chambers, stills, presses, and numerous other pieces of apparatus 
needed to perform chemical operations upon a considerable scale. In connection with 
this laboratory is a room devoted to textile coloring, furnished with kettles, water-baths, 
drying-room, and various working models of machines used in this branch of applied 
chemistry. Kidder Hall has a seating capacity of one hundred and eighty, and is 
arranged with special reference to the delivery of experimental lectures. In addition, 
there is a small lecture-room, seating thirty. The lecture-rooms contain valuable cabinets 
of specimens for purposes of illustration. The balance-room is supplied with twenty-two 
balances. 

The William Ripley Nichols Library of Chemistry, numbering more than twenty- 
eight hundred volumes and two thousand pamphlets, is kept in the reading-room of the 
department. This library contains complete sets of most of the important chemical 
periods. It is primarily designed to aid in the instruction, but is open to all persons who 
desire to consult it. 

The Instruction in Physics. — This begins with a series of lectures attended by all 
regular students, in which the whole subject of Physics is discussed. The various 
branches are treated both mathematically and experimentally. In all cases, the theo- 
retical discussion of a question is followed by a full account of its practical applications. 

The institute possesses an extensive and rapidly increasing collection of physical 
apparatus, which has recently been materially increased by a gift from the late Dr. 
Robert E. Rogers, of his valuable cabinet of optical and electrical instruments. 

In addition to the courses of general lecture-room and laboratory exercises in Physics, 
which are required of all regular students, various special courses of lectures, readings, 
and laboratory exercises in Optics, Acoustics, Heat, and Electricity, are provided for 
those making a specialty of Physics. Students pursuing these courses gain a familiarity 
with standard works on the various branches of Physics, in both their own and foreign 
languages. The subject of Photography, including its applications to micro-photography, 
spectrum photography, and the various photo-mechanical processes, will be discussed in a 
series of lectures accompanied by practical exercises in the photographic laboratory. 
Instruction is also given in Microscopy, and in the use of the lantern as an instrument of 
demonstration in the lecture-room. A course of lectures and laboratory instruction in 
Calorimetric Measurements and allied subjects has been instituted, and the course in 
general Electrical Measurements is undergoing continual extension. 

The Rogers Laboratory of Physics. — All regular students enter upon a general course 
of experimental work in this laboratory after the lecture course on Physics. The work 
is designed to strengthen the student's grasp of the laws and phenomena of that science, 
and to impart to him a knowledge of methods and instruments used in measurement, and 
of the mathematical discussion of experimental results. The laboratory work consists 
alnost exclusively of quantitative measurement. The earlier and simpler work serves 
chiefly to train the student in the use of methods or instruments which are employed as 
accessories later. To this succeed experiments on the mechanics of solids, liquids and 
gases, each illustrating a method by which some physical law or constant is determined. 
Work in optics follows; and heat and electrical measurements occupy the remaining and 
more difficult part of the course, more advanced instruction in both, however, being pro- 
vided for. 

Accurate work is required throughout; and in connection with the use of instru- 
ments of precision, especially in the more advanced measurements, the student's atten- 
tion is particularly directed to the study of possible sources of error, and to the discussion 
of the effects of these on the results obtained. 

The particular line of work assigned to each person is determined, to some extent, 
by his course in the school; and the instruments which he studies are often such as he 
will be called upon to use in later technical work. In some courses, e.g., Physics, Elec- 
trical Engineering and Chemistry, work of a more advanced scientific or technical nature 
is carried on. Original investigation is encouraged as far as possible, and the result has 
been a considerable number of published memoirs. 

The library of the department contains the standard works upon various branches of 



138 



Physics. It is especially full in those relating to electricity, and all new works of 
value on that subject are added as they appear. Most of the leading scientific and 
technical periodicals devoted to Physics are regularly received, and are accessible to 
students. 

The Instruction in Electrical Engineering. — As a foundation for subsequent work, 
thorough instruction is given in the theory of electricity. An extended course of lec- 
tures is devoted to the consideration of the various technical applications of electricity to 
land and submarine telegraphy, the telephone, electric lighting and the electrical trans- 
mission of power. Instruction is given by lectures and laboratory exercises upcn the 
processes of photometry, especially as applied to the measurement of electric lights. Ad- 
vanced instruction in electrical measurements, including work with dynamo-alectric 
machinery, together with a course on the electrical testing of telegraph lines, is provided. 
The subjects of construction, specifications and contracts also receive attention. 

In the latter part of the course each student prepares and reads before his class an 
essay on some electrical process, instrument or system, or other professional topic. These 
are written after a study of recently published papers and memoirs, and often embody 
also the results of experimental work by the student. They are intended to familiarize 
the class with the topics presented, and to give experience in independent study and in 
the preparation of original scientific papers. The work is also of particular advantage to 
those who intend to become teachers. 

Besides the work done by the regular staff of instruction of the Institute, special 
teaching will be given by gentlemen who are professionally engaged in various depart- 
ments of Electrical Engineering or especially conversant with certain branches of applied 
electricity. During the past year such instruction has been given by the following 
gentlemen : — 

Mr. George W. Blodgett, Electrician of the Boston and Albany Eailroad, on the 
Application of Electricity to Railway Signalling ; Mr. J. Rayner Edmands, of the Harvard 
College Observatory, on the Establishment and Distribution of Time ; Professor Elihu 
Thomson, Electrician of the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, on the Construction 
and Design of Dynamo Machines ; Mr. A. C. White, late of the Western Edison Electric 
Light Company, on Methods of Wiring for the Distribution of Electricity ; Mr. 
Edward Blake, of the Sprague Electric Railway and Power Company, on Electro-Motors ; 
Mr. C. J. H. Woodbury, of the Manufacturers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company, on 
Electric Lighting in its Relation to Fires and Fire Insurance ; Mr. C. A. George, on 
Municipal Fire Alarm Systems. It is expected that these courses will be still further 
extended during the current year. 

The Institute possesses several dynamo machines of various patterns, both for arc 
and incandescent lighting, which are devoted to purposes of instruction. 

The Instruction in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics begins with the study of the 
Composition and Resolution of Forces, the general laws of Kinematics and Dynamics, 
mathematically discussed, the principles governing the determination of the stresses in 
the different members of trusses, centre of gravity, moment of inertia, and the ordinary 
principles of the strength of materials. 

The more advanced part of this instruction embraces the completion of the study of 
Strength of Materials, including laboratory work, Theory of Elasticity, main principles of 
the Stability of Arches and Domes, and special study of Dynamics. 

The methods of the differential and integral calculus are freely used whenever they 
are the most convenient. 

The Laboratory of Applied Mechanics. — The object of this laboratory is to give to 
the students, as far as possible, the opportunity of becoming familiar, by actual test, with 
the strength and elastic properties of the materials used in construction. 

It is furnished with the following apparatus : — 

1. An Oslen testing-machine of fifty thousand pounds capacity, capable of determin- 
ing the tensile strength and elasticity of specimens not more than two feet long, and the 
compressive strength of short specimens. 



139 



2. A testing-machine of fifty thousand pounds capacity, capable of determining the 
transverse strength and stiffness of beams up to twenty-five feet in length, as well as of 
many of the framing joints used in practice. 

3. Machinery capable of determining the strength, twist, and deflection of shafting 
when subjected to such combinations of torsional and transverse loads as occur in practice, 
and while running. 

4. Machinery for making time-tests of the transverse strength and deflection of full- 
sized beams. 

5. A machine for testing the tensile strength of mortars and cements. 

6. Apparatus for testing the strength of ropes. 

7. The accessory apparatus needed for measuring stretch, deflection, and twist. 

The classes are divided into small sections when making tests with the machines. 

All the experiments are so chosen as to make the student better acquainted with the 
resisting properties of materials, many of them forming part of some original research. 
Those on transverse strength and stiffness have also determined certain constants for use 
in construction, which had not previously been determined from tests on full-sized pieces. 

The Instruction in the Mechanic Arts. — Practical instruction in the nature of the 
materials of construction, and in the typical operations concerned in the arts, is considered 
a very valuable adjunct to the theoretical treatment of professional subjects. Mechanical 
laboratories have been provided, and furnished with the more important hand and 
machine tools, so that the student may acquire a direct knowledge of the name of metals 
and woods, some manual skill in the use of tools, and a thorough knowledge of what can 
be accomplished with them. These laboratories are now located in the building on 
Garrison Street, and are equipped as follows : — 

The carpenter, wood-turning, and pattern-making departments contain 40 carpenter's 
benches, 2 circular-saw benches, a swing-saw, 2 jig-saws, a buzz-planer, a boring-machine, 
36 wood-lathes, a large pattern-maker's lathe, and 36 pattern-maker's benches. The 
foundry contains a cupola furnace for melting iron, 2 brass furnaces, and 32 moulder's 
benches. The forge shop contains 32 forges, 7 blacksmith's vises, and 1 blacksmith's 
hand-drill. The machine-shop contains 23 engine-lathes, and 14 hand-lathes of recent 
approved patterns, 2 machine drills, 2 planers, a shaping-machine, a universal milling- 
machine, a grinding-lathe, and 32 vise-benches arranged for instruction in vise-work. 

The Instruction in Civil Engineering is given by means of lectures and recitations, 
and by practice in the field and in the drawing-room. Visits are also made to works of 
interest and to manufacturing establishments of various kinds. 

In surveying, the use of the various instruments is taught mainly by actual work in 
the field, covering the different operations involved in land, topographical, hydrographical, 
railroad, city, and mining surveying. The work in the drawing-room consists in repre- 
senting upon paper the surveys made in the field, followed by topographical and map 
drawing ; in topographical and other drawing, in connection with the field-work in rail- 
road location ; in the production of finished plans from direct measurement of actual 
engineering structures ; and in making complete designs and working-drawings of bridges 
and other structures, plans for sewerage and water-supply, etc. 

The course- in Roads and Railroads includes the survey, location, construction, and 
equipment of railroads ; and the laying-out, building, and maintaining of town and county 
roads, and of city streets and pavements. In addition to the work in the class-room, an 
actual railroad survey and location, several miles in length, is made each year upon such 
ground as shall best illustrate the actual problems occuring in practice. Advanced courses 
(optional) are also given, embracing the subjects of railroad management and transporta- 
tion, rolling-stock, motive-power, signals, etc. 

The course in Hydraulic Engineering embraces the subjects of theoretical hydraulics 
with its practical applications, — hydrology, rivers and canals, water-supply, water-power, 
foundations, coast and harbor works, and irrigation. The practical application of the 
principles of hydraulics is illustrated by numerous examples ; and in hydrometry the 



140 



student is made thoroughly familiar with the best methods, by actual practice in gauging- 
rivers with instruments of various kinds, which have been provided for the use of the 
classes. The subjects of hydrology and irrigation are considered in detail, with reference 
to the conditions found in the United States. Special attention is given to the sources 
and supply of water, to its flow in natural and artificial channels, and to the methods of 
collecting, storing, filtering, raising, and distributing water for domestic purposes, with 
practical details for carrying out such works. A particular study is also made of the 
control and improvement of rivers, of the construction of locks, dams, and canals, and of 
the utilization and distribution of water as a motive-power, excursions being made to the 
cities of Lowell, Lawrence, and Holyoke, for practical illustrations of this branch of 
engineering. Under coast and harbor works are considered the design and construction 
of harbors, docks, sea-walls, breakwaters, and jetties, the maintenance of channels, and 
the protection of coasts. The course in Sanitary Engineering embraces the study in detail 
of the house, with its apparatus, the disposal of sewage by surface or sub-surface irriga- 
tion for isolated buildings, the collection and removal of sewage in the larger towns, 
sanitary drainage for cities, and drainage and irrigation for agricultural purposes. 
Frequent opportunities are given to the student for the inspection of actual examples of 
sanitary engineering, and a study is made of the questions of the day in relation to public 
health. 

The course in Principles of Construction embraces a study of the methods of deter- 
mining the stresses in bridges and roofs, and of investigating the stability and strength 
of piers, abutments, arches, retaining- walls, and similar structures. The course in Bridges 
and Roofs consists in a detailed study of the different structures of this class, with refer- 
ence to economy of material, methods of proportioning parts, and the details of design. 
Parallel with it goes the work in the drawing-room, in which the student is required to 
make complete designs and working-drawings, with blue prints, for several structures of 
this kind. The materials used in engineering are studied in the courses on the Strength 
of Materials and the Metallurgy of Iron ; and, in addition, further study is devoted to 
this subject in connection with the other courses, each material being taken up in connec- 
tion with the structures in which it is most extensively applied. A laboratory for cement 
testing, fitted with all the necessary apparatus, is thus made extensive use of by the 
students in Sanitary and Hydraulic Engineering. The study of Specifications and Con- 
tracts is taken up in connection with each of the special courses, and a variety of actual 
specifications are studied in detail, each in its proper place. The course in Geodesy and 
Practical Astronomy includes the study of descriptive, spherical, and practical astronomy, 
and of the mathematical and physical principles of geodesy, with practice in some of the 
simpler geodetic field operations. « 

In the summer vacation following the third year, students taking the topographical 
option are required to attend a summer course in Topography, Geology, and Geodesy, 
during from four to six weeks in the early part of the summer. This course is held at 
some convenient and suitable point in the country, and its object is to, give the students 
opportunity for more extended and more continuous field practice in these branches than 
is possible during the term. The work done consists of a topographical survey of a certain 
district, with field practice in geodesy and geology. The course is open, without extra 
charge for tuition, to all students in the department who have completed the third year, 
as well as to properly qualified students in other departments. Persons not connected 
with the Institute may also be permitted to attend, upon giving satisfactory evidence of 
being properly qualified, and upon payment of the tuition fee of $25.00. 

By the kindness of many active members of the profession, and especially through 
the courtesy of Mr. W. H. Barnes, General Manager of the Boston <fc Albany Railroad, 
and of Mr. James T. Furber, General Manager of the Boston & Maine Railroad, the 
classes are able to inspect a great variety of engineering works, and to carry on field 
operations in specially favorable localities. The help thus received has been of great 
value. 

In addition to the regular lectures of the school, many prominent engineers in the 
active practice of their profession have consented to deliver occasional lectures on subjects 
with which they are specially familiar. 



141 



During the past year lectures have been given by Mr. Eliot Holbrook, on Railway 
Maintenance and Equipment ; by Prof. Arthur T. Had ley, on Railroad Economy ; by Dr. 
John S. Billings, on Public health ; and by Mr. E. S. Philbrick, on Matters of Engi- 
neering Practice. A course of Emergency Lectures, on the treatment of accidental 
injuries, by Dr. R. W. Lovett, was also given before the students. Students in this 
department also attend the lectures of Mr. Geo. W. Blodgett, on Railway Signaling. 

The Instruction in Mechanical Engineering is given by means of lectures and recita- 
tions, and by practice in the drawing-rooms and in the mechanical engineering laboratory. 
Frequent visits, also, are made to machine-shops and manufacturing establishments to witness 
machinery in operation, and manufacturing processes in addition to those which can be 
seen at the Institute itself. 

The laboratory work, in its earlier portions, is devoted to some of the more simple 
experiments, such as will impart to the students a familiarity with the manner of running 
the engines, taking indicator cards, and using the other apparatus in the laboratory. The 
latter laboratory work takes very largely the form of original research ; and it is intended 
that the students of this laboratory shall, under suitable direction, undertake the experi- 
mental investigation of a number of important engineering problems. 

A large amount of drawing is done by the students throughout their course in con- 
nection with their regular work, drawing for mere practice ceasing at the end of the first 
year. A style is adopted that is believed to be a good one, and is adhered to throughout ; 
and early in their course the students are taught to use the " Blue process." 

Besides the teaching done by the regular corps of instructors, lectures upon special 
subjects are given by gentlemen actively engaged in the profession. During the last 
school year, lectures were given by Mr. H. A. Hill, on the Indicator ; Mr. James N. 
Lauder of the Old Colony Railroad, on the Locomotive ; Mr. Henry R. Towne, President 
of the Yale & Towne Co., on Shop Management ; Mr. Edward Burgess, on Naval Archi- 
tecture ; and Mr. Geo. H. Barrus, on Cylinder Condensation. 

The Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering— -The objects to be accomplished by this 
laboratory are the following : — 

1. To give to the students practice in such experimental work as they are liable to 
be called upon to perform in the practice of their profession, as boiler and engine tests, 
pump tests, calorimetric work, measurement of power, etc. 

2. To give to the students practice in carrying on original investigations on mechan- 
ical engineering subjects, with such care and accuracy as to render the results of real 
value to the engineering community. 

3. By publishing, from time to time, the results of such investigations, to add gra- 
dually to the common stock of knowledge. 

The laboratory contains as a portion of its equipment, — 

1. An eighty-horse-power Porter- Allen engine, by which power is also furnished to 
the new building and to the mining department. 

2. A sixteen-horse-power Harris-Corliss engine, used almost entirely for experimen- 
tal purposes : this is furnished, in addition to its own, automatic cut-off governor, with a 
throttle governor, so arranged that either can be used, the former being in addition so 
constructed that the speed of the engine can be varied at will. 

The exhaust of each engine is connected with a surface condenser, and thence with a 
tank on scales, so that the water passing through the engines can be weighed. 

3. An eight-horse -power steam engine used for giving instruction in valve-setting, 
€tc. 

4. Three surface condensers, one of which is arranged in sections, so that the con- 
densing water can be made to traverse the length of the condenser once, twice, or three 
times, at the option of the experimenter. 

5. Machinery for determining the tension required in a belt to enable it to carry a 
given power, at a given speed, with no more than a given amount of slip. 



142 



6. Two brakes so constructed that a given amount of work can be put at will on 
either engine, and in such a manner that this work can be accurately measured ; also two- 
other portable brakes. 

7. A steam-pump so arranged as to enable the students to make pump tests, indi- 
cating both the steam and the water cylinder, weighing the exhaust steam, and also the 
water pumped. 

8. A six-inch Swain turbine-wheel so arranged that it can be run under a head of 
fifteen feet, and that experiments can be made on the power exerted, the efficiency, etc., 
under difierent gates. 

9. Three calorimeters. 

10. A dynamometer. 

11. Cotton machinery as follows, viz. : — A card, a drawing-frame, a speeder, a fly- 
frame, a ring-frame, and a mule. 

12. Apparatus for testing injectors. 

13. A mercurial pressure column. 

14. A mercurial vacuum column. 

15. Apparatus for determining the quantity of steam issuing from a given orifice- 
under a given difference of pressure. 

16. Apparatus for testing dynamometers. 

17. A good supply of indicators, gauges, thermometers, anemometers, and other 
accessory apparatus. 

18. Four horizontal tubular boilers. Another boiler, a forty-horse-power Brown 
engine, a number of looms, and other apparatus in the mechanical laboratories on Garrison 
Street, are available for the purpose of experiment. 

As examples of the work done in the laboratory, the following experiments are 
enumerated : — Tests of the evaporative power of boilers ; tests of the effects of different 
cut-off, compression, back pressure, speed, etc., of engines under constant or variable loads ; 
calorimetric tests ; dynamometric measurements ; investigation of the tension required in 
a belt to carry a given power, at a given speed, with no more than a given amount of 
slip ; experiments on the efficiency of condensers under different conditions ; on the 
efficiency of a turbine, etc. 

The Mining and Metallurgical Laboratories. — The aim of these laboratories is to 
furnish students the means for studying, experimentally, various processes of ore-dressing 
and smelting, and at the same time to enable them to gain an idea of what is required of 
a miner or metallurgist. To this end, the apparatus has been chosen with a view of 
illustrating, as far as possible, the principles of the more important machines and furnaces 
which are used in mining and metallurgy. 

The metallurgy of lead, copper, gold, and silver has been chosen as the best suited 
for laboratory illustration ; production of iron and steel in quantity is prohibited by the 
size of the plant requisite, and by the large amount of ores and fluxes necessary to put 
this into operation. 

The experimental work of the laboratory is carried on by the students under the 
immediate charge of an instructor. A sufficiently large quantity of ore is assigned to 
each student, who first examines it for its component minerals, sorts and samples it, and 
determines its character and value by analysis and assays, and makes such other prelimi- 
nary examinations as serve to indicate the proper method of treatment. He then treats 
the given quantity, makes a careful examination of the products at each step of the 
process, ascertains, wherever practicable, the amount of power, water, chemicals, fuel and 
labor expended, and thus learns approximately the effectiveness and economy of the 
method adopted. He learns, also, the value of chemistry as a check upon metallurgical 
work. Each student is assisted in working his ore by his classmates, each of whom has. 
an opportunity in turn to manage the machines and furnaces. 



143 



The Institute does not claim that this laboratory is in any sense of the word a 
substitute for the works. What is claimed is, that it prepares students to go into works, 
and to profit by them. The spirit of investigation which is developed is of great 
advantage to the student. 

The mining laboratory consists of three parts — milling-room, furnace-room, and 
assay-room — with ample storage-vaults, supply-room, and toilet-room attached. 

The milling-room is supplied with four suites of milling-apparatus : — 

I. A three-stamp battery, a set of amalgamating-plates, a mercury-saver, a Frue- 
vanner for concentrating tailings, a settling-tank, and a centrifugal pump. 

II. A Blake challenge crusher, crushing-rolls with automatic sizing screens, a 
Richards-Coggin separator, a spitzkasten, two TIarz-Mountain jigs, an Evans table or 
r otary-buddle, a settling-tank, and a centrifugal pump. 

III. A set of four amalgamating-pans, 30, 18, 12, and 8 inches in diameter 
respectively, also a 36-inch settler, and a little automatic kieve for separating mercury 
from pulp. 

IY. A set of three 40-gallon leaching-vessels, a set of four 8-gallon leaching-vessels, 
and two dynamos for deposition of metals. 

This laboratory contains also the following auxiliary apparatus : A steam-engine, a 
Bogardus mill, a Root blower, a Sturtevant dust-fan and blower, drying-tables, and four 
Morrell agate mortars. 

The furnace-room contains a water-jacket blast-furnace, a copper-refining furnace, a 
reverberatory lead-smelting or agglomerating furnace, two roasting-furnaces, furnaces for 
cupellation, furnaces for fusion, a blacksmith's forge, a melting-kettle, retorts, etc. The 
assay-room contains ten crucible furnaces, 12 x 12, all of which are jacketed with iron 
shells to insure good draught, stability, and durability; also two muffles 4x7, one 
muffle 3x6, four muffles 7 x 12, one muffle 8 x 15. These furnaces are all provided with 
ample Hue capacity and abundant draught. This room contains also six pulp -balances, 
six flux-balances, five button-balances, and desks for fifty students. 

The Institute is from time to time receiving ores of gold, silver, lead, copper, nickel, 
antimony, etc., from various localities. These ores are worked, and reports sent to those 
who contribute them ; and it is expected, that, by the cooperation of those who wish to 
have examinations made, the laboratory will continue to receive the necessary amount and 
variety of ores. 

To bring the mining students into closer acquaintance with their profession, 
excursions are organized for visiting mines, mills, smelting-works, and geological fields. 
These excursions take place as often as once in two years; and, since the year 1870, 
excursions have been made to Colorado, Lake Superior, Virginia, Vermont, Pennsylvania, 
Lake Champlain, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Shorter excursions of a day or two 
at a time are made while the school is in session. 

The valuable scientific library of the late Prof. Henry D. Rogers of the University 
of Glasgow, presented to the Institute by Mrs. Rogers, is accessible to the students in 
geology and mining. 

The Instruction in Zoology and Palceontology, including the history of ancient 
animal life and the study of the distinctive and characteristic fossils of the different 
formations, is given as a necessary foundation for the further study of Geology. The aim 
of the course is to give the student a practical acquaintance with the structure of the 
characteristic families and orders of living and extinct animals, and, by a judicious 
selection of examples, to familiarize him to some extent with the forms which characterize 
different periods. 

The handling and drawing of specimens by the student are essential features of the 
method of instruction. The lectures of the instructor are devoted largely to explanatory 
demonstrations of the specimens which the students have studied and drawn. 

The Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History is used in this course, and 
also a laboratory collection of recent and fossil animals belonging to the society, and 
selected with special reference to the needs of students. 



144 



The Instruction in Mineralogy — Crystallography is taught with the aid of models, 
diagrams, and a series of crystals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, specimens arc freely used, 
an example of each of all the more important species being placed before each student , 
while a collection of typical specimens is always open to students. The collection in this 
department is sujDplemented by that in the museum of the Boston Society of Xatural 
History, as explained in the .next section. In Determinative Mineralogy, students are 
taught to identify minerals by their crystallization and physical properties, as well as by 
their blowpipe or chemical characters. The instruction in Blowpipe Analysis is given in 
a separate laboratory, and is supplemented by sufficient practice to insure familiarity 
with the methods. 

In the spring, several excursions are made to interesting mineral localities. 

The Instruction in Physical Geography and Geology. — The topics of these closely 
allied sciences are taught in the order of their logical succession, hence the work done in 
one class is a preparation for the next. 

/. Physical Geography. 

The student- who has studied Physical Geography at a good preparatory school will 
not find this .course a repetition of what he has already received. The position of the 
study as a general science is recognized and fitly taught, while its relations to the 
progress and destinies of mankind receive that special attention they should have in 
a technological institution. Much of the success which attends engineering, commerce, 
manufacturing, and many other branches of industry, is in a measure dependent upon 
the control or utilization of great terrestrial forces. It is, therefore, just to claim that 
a scientific knowledge of efficiency of these forces in nature, and of the physical laws of 
their action, is eminently important. 

These forces are likewise geological agents, and it is through them alone that the 
student can interpret the structure of the earth. It is in this connection that Dynamical 
Geology is taught as directly preparatory to the courses which follow. 

The instruction consists essentially of a course of lectures, but at each exercise 
questions are asked, to which answers are given either orally by a few, or are written 
by all the members of the class. The students are required to take notes and present 
them for examination. The lectures are amply illustrated. 

II. Structural Geology. 

This division includes a systematic course in Lithology, in which observation or 
laboratory work is combined in an unusual degree with oral instruction. At each lesson 
a tray containing a typical hand-specimen of every type to be studied is placed before 
each student ; and the lessons consist largely in the examination, testing and description 
of the specimens by the students themselves, the instructors simply directing and supple- 
menting the work of the class. The collections in this department are extensive, and 
specially adapted to the laboratory method of instruction ; and a complete series of 
typical rocks is accessible to students at all times. The principal structural features 
characterizing large masses of rocks, embracing stratification, joint-structure, faults, folds, 
slaty-cleavage, veins, dikes, etc., are taught as practically as circumstances will allow. 
The unusually favorable opportunities which the local geology of Boston presents for the 
illustration of these topics are utilized by means of frequent field lessons. The instruction 
in Chemical Geology is also introduced here, and embraces the formation, alteration, and 
decay of rocks, the origin of vein-stones and ore deposits, of rock salt and mineral 
waters, and of coal and petroleum. 

Ill, Historical Geology. 

It is intended to give all the students in this branch a good general knowledge of the 
physical history of the earth. That the technical applications of geological knowledge 
may be suitably taught, the students are grouped into three classes. 



145 



One class is composed of those who are in the department of Civil Engineering. 
With these, special attention is given to those portions of geological history which 
determined the topographic and hydrographic features, with which their professional 
labors may be more or less associated. 

Another class is for the students in the departments of Mining Engineering and 
Chemistry. Particular attention is here given to the geological history and the modes of 
occurrence of ore deposits and other mineral resources. This, added to portions of 
Structural and Chemical Geology previously taught, completes the class-room instruction 
in Economic Geology. 

A third class includes the students in Natural History and in the General Course. 
With these more time is devoted to the life of the past ages, to the relations of life to 
physical conditions, and to the geologic events which led to the present distribution of 
beings upon the earth. To be admitted to this class the student must have had the 
requisite instruction in Biology and Zoology. 

The instruction combines both lectures and recitations. The collections at the 
Institute are for teaching and not for exhibition. The classes are conducted with the 
belief that the more intimate the students become with the natural objects and features, 
the better the instruction. There are serious obstacles to a liberal amount of field 
practice, but every available opportunity is improved, and the amount is steadily 
increasing. There is a valuable geological library. 

In addition to the efficient collections in the Rogers Building, the students in 
this department have access at all times to the extensive and valuable mineralogical 
and geologieal collections of the Boston Society of Natural History. These are very 
conveniently placed, and have been arranged with special reference to the needs of 
students, each division of mineralogy and geology being separately and fully illus- 
trated in the order in which it is taken up in the Institute course. 

The Instruction in Climatology. — The elements of physical science which are 
fundamental in the study of Meteorology are taught in the course in Physics, and 
in the physical laboratory the students have some practice with the ordinary meteo- 
rological instruments. The course in Climatology is introduced by a general outline 
of Meteorology, and concluded by a discussion of the known influences of climates upon 
the nature and distribution of plants and animals, upon the resources of countries, 
and upon the health, vigor, and prosperity of communities and nations. 

The Instruction in Biology begins the second year with a course of lectures, 
recitations, and laboratory exercises in General Biology. Attention is given to funda- 
mental facts of life and living matter, protoplasm, cells, tissues, and organs ; and 
these are illustrated upon representative forms of animal and vegetable life, such as 
the fern, earthworm, yeast-plant, amoeba, moulds, bacteria, etc. Afterwards higher 
forms, like the lobster, clam, seed-plant, frog, and rabbit, are carefully dissected and 
studied. Stress is laid not less on physiological than anatomical facts and theories, 
and painless studies of the living specimen are regarded as of prime importance. 
This general introductory course is followed by more special work in comparative 
anatomy and embryology (chiefly of vertebrates), accompanied likewise by practical 
laboratory studies, with dissections, the histology of the embryo chick, etc. The third 
year in Biology is devoted to lectures, recitations, laboratory work, and excursions in 
Zoology and Botany. 

In the fourth year comparative physiology and histology are taken up, and pursued 
till graduation. They are taught experimentally in the laboratory, and by lectures 
and recitations. Physiological chemistry also receives attention. Lectures are given 
during this year upon higher biology, including topics like natural selection, mimicry, 
evolution, the germ theory of disease, heredity, and the history of the biological 
sciences. A biological-journal club, to which the more advanced students are admitted, 
has been found helpful as a means of keeping abreast of current progress, and in giving 
practice in bibliography. 

Students of biology have also valuable privileges in connection with the Boston 
Society of Natural History, of which the museum, the library, etc., are freely accessible. 

11 (T.B.) 



146 



The Biologica.1 Laboratory is a large room on the first floor of the Eogers Building. 
It is well lighted, and furniskel with tables for microscopical work, for dissection, and 
for the similar operations of physiological chemistry. Every student is supplied with a 
Z-iss or Hartnack microscope, a work-table and a locker. The laboratory instruments 
include Thoma and Scbanze microtomes, a long-roll kymograph, Du Bois-Reymond 
induction machines, and a rotating drum for smoked paper, a moist chamber, pendulum 
myograph, bacteriological apparatus, etc. Frog-tanks and aquaria are also provided. 
The biological library is in the laboratory, and includes all the ordinary text-books and 
works of reference. It has been much enlarged during the past year, both by gifts 
and by purchase. 

The Instruction in Architecture. — The instruction in this subject is practical as 
well as theoretical. Besides the scientific study of construction and materials, it com- 
prises the study of building processes and of professional practice, as well as that of 
composition and design, and of the history of the art. It is so arranged as to meet the 
wants, both of those who commence their professional studies at the beginning, and of 
experienced draughtsmen who desire to make up deficiencies in their training, or to qualify 
themselves for undertaking the responsibilities of practice. 

The more strictly professional work begins with the study of the Five Orders and 
their applications, and of Architectural History ; while, with constant practice in drawing, 
the students are familiarized with the material elements of their future work by a course 
in practical construction, illustrated by lectures, problems, and by visits to buildings. 
During the following years the subject of specifications and contracts is thoroughly gone 
over ; and problems in construction of all kinds serve to fix in the memory the principles 
already learned, and to supplement them by more advanced instruction. 

The students are continually practised in architectural design. Each set of drawings 
is examined, and criticised before the classes. Instruction is also given in sketching in 
black and white, and water-color ; and evening classes are held during the winter for 
drawing, both from the life and from the cast, to which all students in the department 
are admitted. 

The Boston Society of Architects has established two prizes of the value of fifty dollars 
each, given in books, for students who, at the end of the year, exhibit the best work. 

The Architectural Museum. — Several thousand photographs, prints, drawings, and 
casts have been collected for this department, by means of a special fund raised for the 
purpose. To these collections large additions have been made, mostly by gifts. Models 
and illustrations of architectural detail and materials are arranged in the rooms of the 
the department. The chief part of the collection of casts of architectural sculpture and 
detail belonging to the department have been deposited in the Museum of Fine Arts, 
together with the architectural collections belonging to the Museum. The students of 
the department have free access to them at all times ; and as the museum building is close 
at hand, no inconvenience results from the change. The space thus gained is filled with 
specimens of metal- work, tile-work, glass work, and wood- work, partly purchased, but 
mostly deposited with the department by the manufacturers, forming a museum of sani- 
tary and building appliances. The library of this department contains technical works 
and many periodicals, both American and foreign. The publications of the Royal Insti- 
tute of British Architects, and of the Societe Centrale -des Architectes in Paris, are 
presented by the authorities of those institutions. 

Libraries — The Institute possesses an increasing general library ; and each depart- 
ment has, in its own reading-room, its separate working-library of reference. A valuable 
addition to these has recently been received by a gift, from Mrs. Rogers, of several 
hundred books and pamphlets from the library of the late President William B. Rogers. 
These departmental libraries, which are of the greatest value to students, are intended 
to contain a careful selection of the best text-books, special treatises, monographs, etc., 
and the more valuable periodical publications, in the subjects germane to the work of the 
department. They are accessible to all students ; and a certain valuable experience in 
the use of them is acquired before the completion of the regular courses, either incidentally 
to the preparation of theses, or in connection with lectures or recitations. 



147 



The Boston Society of Natural History grants to the students of the Institute the 
full use of its valuable library. The unusual facilities of the Boston Public Library, of 
nearly 500,000 volumes, are at the disposal of all students of the Instibute. The collec- 
tions of this library are of exceptional value, and contain the best scientific, literary, and 
technical publications of various countries, whether standard or special treatises, periodi- 
cals, or works of more purely literary or historical value ; and new books are promptly 
bought on proper application to the authorities of the library. 

Many libraries of scientific societies, of individuals, and of private corporations, rich 
in the complete sets of the scientific periodicals of all countries, and of the publications of 
leading scientific societies throughout the world, are, through the courtesy of the owners, 
open to advanced students of the Institute. 

Professional Success. 

The following list shows the positions occupied by the Graduates of the School of 
Industrial Science : — 

Ellery C. Appleton, Assistant Engineer, Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. 

Eli Eorbes, Chemist at the Lancaster Mills. 

Chas. E. Greene, A. M., 0. E., Professor of Civil Engineering, University of 
Michigan. 

Albert F. Hall, Draughtsman, in the employ of the George F. Blake Manufacturing 
Company. 

William E. Hoyt, Chief Engineer of Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg R.R. Co. 

Robert H. Richards, Professor of Mining and Metallurgy, Massachusets Institute 
of Technology. 

Bryant P. Tilden, Chief Engineer, Jamestown & Northern R.R. 

William H. Baker, Assistant Engineer, New Mexico Division A., T. & S.E.R.R. 

J. Rayner Edmands, in charge of Time Service at Harvard College Observatory. 

Channing Whitaker, Mill and Steam Engineering, Construction, Consultation, and 
Expert Work, Lowell, Mass. 

Charles R. Cross, Thayer Professor of Physics, Massachusets Institute of Technology. 

Charles W. Hinman, Mass., State Inspector of Gas. 

Sampson D. Mason, Principal Assistant Engineer, Northern Pacific Railroad. 

N. Frederick Merrill, Professor of Chemistry, University of Vermont. 

Edmund K. Turner, Chief Engineer, Fitchburg Railroad. 

Laurence F. J. Wrinkle, Mining Engineer, Virginia, Nev. 

Addison Connor, A.B., in the Public Works Department, New York. 

Frank L. Fuller, Engineer, Marblehead Water Works. 

Henry M. Howe, A.M., Mining Engineer and Lecturer on Metallurgy, Massachu- 
setts Institute Technology. 

G. Russell Lincoln, Chemist, Pottstown Iron Co. 

William A. Pike, Professor of Engineering and Director of the College of Mechanic 
Arts of the University of Minnesota. 

George H. Pratt, Chemist, with Merrimac Chemical Co., South Wilmington, Mass. 

Isaiah S. P. Weeks, Chief Engineer, Burlington & Missouri Railroad in Nebraska. 

C. Frank Allen, Assistant Professor of Railroad Engineering, Massachusetts Insti- 
tute of Technology. 

Frederic A. Emmerton, Superintendent Blast Furnaces, Joliet Steel Co. 

Chas. S. Minot, S. D. (Harvard), Assistant Professor of Histology and Embryology, 
Harvard Medical School. 

Maurice B. Patch, Superintendent of Calumet & Hecla Smelting Co. 

Walter Shepard, A.B., Assistant Engineer, Boston & Albany Railroad. 

Richard H. Soule, A.B., General Manager, N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co.. 

Amory Austin, A.B., Analytic and Sanitary Chemist, Boston. 

George W. Blodgett, Assistant Engineer, B. & A.R.R., and Manufacturing Electrician, 
Boston. 

Samuel M. Felton, Jr., First Vice-President of N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co. 



148 



W. Dale Harris, Chief Engineer, P. P. J. Railway, Consulting Engineer M. & W* 
Railway, Chief Engineer O. & G. Valley Railway. 

Frank JB. Morse, Superintendent, Willard Mining Company. 

Henry A. Phillips, Superintendent, Worcester Division, Fitchburg R. R. 

Ellen H. Richards, A. M., Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry, Mass. Institute of 
Technology. 

C. Edward Stafford, Superintendent, Bessemer and Open Hearth Departments, 
Juniata Iron and Steel Works. 

Samuel E. Tinkham, Civil Engineer, City Engineer's Office, Boston. 

Frank W. Very, Assistant Astronomer, Allegheny Observatory. 

Webster Wells, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Mass. Institute of Techology. 

Francis H. Williams, M. D., Physician. Assistant Professor of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics, Harvard Medical School. 

George H. Barrus, Expert and Consulting Steam Engineer, Boston. 

William T. Blunt, Principal Inspector, U. S. Engineer's Office, Cleveland. 

Joseph S. Emerson, Field Assistant, Government Survey, Sandwich Islands. 

Eliot Holbrook, General Superintendent, P. & L. E. R. R. 

Herbert B. Perkins, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, Lawrence University. 

Francis H. Silsbee, Superintendent Cotton Department, Pacific Mills. 

Henry K. Burrison, Instructor in Drawing in the Mass. Institute of Technology. 

Frank S. Dodge, Civil Engineer and Surveyor, Government Survey, Sandwich Islands.. 

Edgar S. Dorr, Assistant Engineer, Sewer Department, Boston. 

Charles W. Goodale, Mine Superintendent, Colorado Smelting and Mining Company. 

Edward A. Handy, Engineer, Northern Division, Mexican National Railway. 

Thomas Hibbard, Head Draughtsman, Deane Steam Pump Company. 

L. P. Kinnicutt, S. D. (Harv.), Professor of Applied Chemistry at Worcester 
Polytechnic Institute. 

Wilfred Lewis, Assist. Engineer, with William Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, incorporated. 

Benjamin A. Oxnard, Superintendent of Fulton Sugar Refinery. 

Francis T. Sargent, President of Poultney Slate Works. 

Welland F. Sargent, in charge of Civil Engineering Department, Pullman Palace 
Car Co. 

William H. Shockley, Superintendent, Mount Diablo Mill and Mining Company. 

James B. Stanwood, Engineer, with Arctic Ice Machine Manufacturing Company, 

William P. Atwood, Chemist at the Hamilton Print Works. 

Harry T. Buttolph, Assistant City Engineer, Buffalo, in charge of Paving. 

Frederick K. Copeland, Vice-President and Treasurer, Diamond Prospecting Company. 

William 0. Crosby, Assistant Professor of Mineralogy and Lithology, Mass. 
Institute of Technology. 

John R. Freeman, Inspector and Hydraulic Engineer, Associated Factory Mutual 
Insurance Cos. 

Frank W. Hodgdon, Assistant Engineer with the Harbor and Land Commissioners 
of Massachusetts, Boston. 

Sumner Hollingsworth, President, Hollingsworth & Whitney Paper Company. 

Silas W. Holman, Associate Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology. 

Alfred E. Hunt, of the firm of Hunt & Clapp, Chemists and Metallurgical 
Engineers, Pittsburg Testing Laboratory. 

William W. Jacques, Electrician of the American Bell Telephone Co., and Instructor 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Samuel James, jr., Metallurgist, Pasadena Reduction Company. 

Alfred C. Kilham, employed in Motive Power Department, St. Louis & San 
Francisco R. R. 

Theodore J. Lewis, with the Standard Steel Works, 220 South Fourth Street. 

Charles T. Main, Superintendent, Lower Pacific Mills. 

Arthur L. Mills, Principal Assistant Engineer, Maintenance of Way and Construc- 
tion Department, T., St. L. & K. C. R. R. 






149 



Charles F. Prichard, Superintendent of the Lynn Gas Light Company. 

Henry H. Carter, Chief Engineer, Boston Sewer Department. 

Linus Eaunce, Assistant Professor of Drawing, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology. 

Martin Gay, Assistant Engineer, Department of Public Works of New York City. 

Joseph P. Gray, Assistant Engineer in office of Proprietors of Locks and Canals on 
Merrimac River. 

Edmund Grover, Assistant Engineer, 0., B. & Q. P. R. 

Richard A. Hale, Principal Assistant Engineer with the Essex Water Power Co. 

John E. Hardman, Mining Engineer ; Manager, Oldham Gold Co., Oldham, N. S. 

Walter Jenney, Superintendent, Petroleum Refinery, Jenny Manufacturing Co. 

George W. Kittredge, Engineer, Maintenance of Way, J., M. & I. R. R., and 
Engineer, Louisville Bridge Co. 

Cecil H, Peabody, Assistant Professor of Steam Engineering, Massachusetts Insti- 
tute of Technology. 

George E. Swain, Professor of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology. 

Frank E. Wiggin, Engineer, Ferro Carril de Sta Fe a las Colonias. 

Frederick W. Wood, Superintendent, Pennsylvania Steel Company. 

Erank H. Morgan, Instructor in Chemistry, Cornell University. 

Everell J. Nichols, Engineer Corps, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 

James W. Rollins, jr., Chief Engineer, Atlantic & Danville Railroad. 

Peter Schwamb, Assistant Professor of Mechanism, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology. 

Raphael M. Hosea, Mine Superintendent, Whitebreast Coal and Mining Co. 

William W. Macfarlane, Assistant Superintendent, Quaker City Dye Works. 

George H. Barton, Instructor in Determinative Mineralogy, Massachusetts Institute 
of Technology. 

Edwin E. Chase, United States Deputy Surveyor and Mining Engineer. 

Frederick W. Clark, Assistant Professor of Mining and Metallurgy, Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology. 

Ira Abbott, Vice-President and Assistant Engineer, Dominion Bridge Company. 

John H. Allen, Assistant Metallurgist, Kansas City Smelting and Refining Co. 

Erank E. Came, Assistant Engineer, Dominion Bridge Co. 

Harry H. Cutler, Superintendent, Newton Electric Light and Power Co. 

F. Graef Darlington, Superintendent and Secretary, Cincinnati & Muskingum 
Valley Railway Co. 

William B. Lindsay, A.B., Professor of Chemistry, Dickinson College. 

James Lund, Superintendent, Indigo Works, Cochrane Chemical Co. 

Evelyn W. Ordway, Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Newcomb College, Tulane 
University. 

Theodore Parker, Assistant Engineer, C, B. & Q. R R. 

Nathaniel W. Shed, Chemist, with the Nashua Iron and Steel Co. 

William R. Snead, Superintendent, The Snead Co. Iron Works. 

Edward R. Warren, United States Deputy Mineral Surveyor. 

George Faunce, A.B,, Assistant Superintendent of Pennsylvania Lead Co.'s Works. 

George H. Bryant, Professor of Mechanic Arts, Alabama Polytechnic Institute. 

Harvey S. Chase, Superintendent, Gas Light Co., and Great Falls Manufacturing 
Co.'s Water Works. 

Horace B. Gale, Profepsor of Dynamic Engineering, Washington University. 

Charles H. Tompkins, Jr., Assistant Engineer, Idaho Mining and Irrigation Co. 

T. Harris Bartlett, Assistant Engineer, Northern Pacific R. R. 

Fred. M. Haines, Assistant Engineer, Northern Pacific R. R. 

Francis C. Williams, Jr., Draughtsman, Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. 

Charles R. Allen, Teacher of Science in New Bedford High School. 

David Baker, Superintendent. Blast Furnace Department., Pennsylvania Steel Co. 

Marcella I. O'Grady, Science Teacher in Bryn Mawr School. 



150 



Otis T. Stantial, Chemist, North Chicago Rolling Mill Company. 

Charles L. Burlingham, Superintendent's Assistant, Chicago and Aurora Smelting 
and Refining Company. 

Wm. H. Chadbourn, Jr., Chief Engineer and Superintendent, Construction, Wil- 
mington, Chadbourn & Conway Railroad. 

Orrin S. Doolittle, Assistant in Laboratory of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 

James C. Duff, Chemist, C, M. & St. P. Railway. 

Fred. E. Foss, A.B., Resident Engineer, Minn. & North-western Railroad Tunnel. 

Walter R. Ingalls, Mining Engineer, Leadville, Colo. 

L. Kimball Russell, Assistant Chemist, North Chicago Rolling Mill Company. 

William E. Shepard, Assistant Electrician, with the Schuyler Electric Light Co. 

El wood J. Wilson, Chemist, Germania Lead Works. 

George A. Armington, Instructor in Mechanical Engineering, Case School of Applied. 
Science, Cleveland. 

William D. Livermore, Second Hand in Dyehouse of Silver Springs Bleaching and 
Dyeing Company. 

Samuel P. Mulliken, Assistant in Chemistry, University of Cincinnati. 

George L. Norris, Assistant Chemist, North Chicago Rolling Mill Company. 

Herbert A. Richardson, Water Analyst Mass., State Board of Health. 

Herbert A. Wilcox, Assistant in Laboratory of Joliet Steel Company. 



Total number of students 502 



ONTARIO SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL SCIENCE. 






For purposes of comparison the course of study and certain other information 
respecting the Ontario School of Practical Science is submitted herewith : 

Faculty : 

Sir Daniel Wilson, Knt., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Ethnology. 

E. J. Chapman, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Mineralogy and Geology. 
James Loudon, M.A., Professor of Physics. 

R. Ramsay Wright, M.A., B.Sc, Professor of Biology. 

J. Galbraith, M.A., Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., Professor of Engineering. 

W. H. Pike, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry. 

W. H. Ellis, M.A., M.B., Professor of Applied Chemistry. 

A. Baker, M.A., Professor of Mathematics. 

Assistant Instructors : 

W. J. Loudon, B.A., Demonstrator in Physics. 

F. W. Babington, Demonstrator in Applied Chemistry. 
A. B. McCallum, B.A., Lecturer in Physiology. 

J. H. McGeary, B.A., Fellow in Mathematics. 
A. C. McKay, B.A., Fellow in Physics. 
J. J. McKenzie, B.A., Fellow in Biology. 

G. Chambers, B.A., Fellow in Chemistry. 

F. G. Wait, B.A., Fellow in Mineralogy and Geology. 
D. Burns, Fellow in Engineering. 



151 



Origin of the School. 

The Act for the establishment of the School of Practical Science was passed in 1873. 
After a fruitless attempt to secure the attendance of students as an independent institu- 
tion doing elementary work, the school was removed to the immediate vicinity of the 
Provincial University in order that its students might avail themselves of the instruction 
of the professors of University College. This change was made in 1877. 

The position which it is intended that the School of Practical Science shall occupy in 
the educational system of Ontario may be indicated as follows : — 

I. — Students, who have passed through the regular courses of the School, will be 
enabled to prosecute professionally : (1) Engineering ; (2) Assaying and Mining Geology ; 
or (3) Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 

The instruction in Engineering is designed to give the student a thorough know- 
ledge of the scientific principles of the Profession, and also to afford such practical 
training in drawing and surveying as will make him immediately useful in the office 
and field. 

The establishment of a Diploma for special qualifications in Assaying and Mining 
Geology, apart from the knowledge of these subjects incidental to the course of Mining 
Engineering, is called for by the necessity which exists for the development of the mineral 
wealth of the Province. Students who pass through the course necessary to obtain this 
Diploma will have acquired the knowledge requisite for inspecting and surveying mineral 
lands, as well as the ability to report accurately on the composition and value of economic 
minerals generally. 

The importance of the study of Chemistry is now fully recognized, and in Canada, 
through the Public Analysts and otherwise, protection is being secured to consumers, 
while the producers are necessarily brought to recognize its importance. The course in 
Chemistry is such as to fit the student for the position of Public Analyst or of Consulting 
or Resident Chemist. 

II. — It is designed to furnish preliminary scientific training for students entering 
the professions of Surveying and Medicine. 

Certificates in Surveying will be granted after due examination, which will have the 
effect of shortening the ordinary period of apprenticeship to a Land Surveyor, by the 
length of time covered by such certificates — one, two or three Sessions, as the case may be. 

The School of Practical Science offers to Medical Students thoroughly practical 
courses of instruction in those sciences which form the best preliminary training for the 
study of Medicine. The Lectures and Laboratory Courses are arranged so as to conform 
with the Regulations of the University of Toronto. 

III. — Persons desirous of instruction in any of the subjects taught in the School may 
be allowed to attend separate courses in these as Special Students. 

Mechanical Engineering. 

Students intending to become Mechanical Engineers will enter as special students, 
and receive instruction in the principles of mechanism, the theory of machines and draw- 
ing, together with such work in the civil engineering course as may be suitable for their 
purpose. 

Electrical Engineering. 

Students intending to become Electrical Engineers are admitted as special students, 
and will receive instruction in drawing, mechanical engineering and electricity. The 
Physical Laboratory is furnished with a good collection of electrical instruments ; and a 
separate room will be set apart for experimental work in this department. Special atten- 
tion will be given to the subject of Electrical Testing. In connection with the Physical 
Laboratory there is a workshop, the power being given by a 4 h.-p. gas engine. 



152 



Architecture. 



Students who intend to pursue Architecture as a profession are advised to take, if 
possible, the regular course in Civil Engineering, as the instruction given in this course 
in the subjects of Drawing, Coloring, Principles of Construction (Carpentry, Masonry 
and Ironwork), Strength and other Properties of Building Materials, Flow of Water and 
Air, Theory of Heat, etc., will be as useful to them as to civil engineers. 

Regulations Respecting the School op Practical Science. 

1. The internal management and discipline of the School shall be vested in the 
Board consisting of the Professors and the Chairman, as nominated by the Lieutenant- 
Governor in Council. 

2. The Academic Year shall consist of two Terms, the First Term extending from 
1st October to 23rd December ; and the Second Term from 8th January to 18th April. 

3. There shall be three Departments in which Diplomas shall be granted viz. : — 

(1) Civil Engineering (including Mining Engineering). 

(2) Assaying and Mining Geology. 

(3) Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 

A Diploma shall be granted to each student who shall have completed to the satis- 
faction of the Faculty, the Regular Course in any of the above Departments. 

4. The Regular Course for the Diploma of the School in each Department is three 
years in duration. 

5. A student who proposes to obtain the Diploma of the School in one of the above 
Departments must have passed the Matriculation Examination required for admission to 
a University in any part of Her Majesty's Dominions, or the Entrance Examination of 
the Law Society of Upper Canada, or of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, or any 
of the Examinations prescribed for Teachers in Public or High Schools of the Province 
of Ontario, or must present a certificate signed by a Head Master of a High School or 
Collegiate Institute that he possesses qualifications equivalent to those required for such 
teachers. 

6. Special Students may be permitted to attend such lectures or courses of instruc- 
tion or of practical work as the Board may think proper. 

7. Certificates of attendance and standing may be given upon due examination to 
Special Students, and such students shall not be required to pass an Entrance Examina- 
tion. 

(6 and 7 apply to Medical Students taking special work, also students preparing 
themselves to be Surveyors, Mechanical or Electrical Engineers, Architects, etc.) 

8. At the conclusion of each term examinations will be held in the different subjects 
taught, and prizes will be awarded for excellence in each Department at the end of the 
session. Candidates for Diplomas and Certificates are required to enter for these. 

9. All Regular Students are required to be in attendance at the School during the 
whole of each term, unless exempted by special permission of the Board. The term will 
not be allowed to any student who has attended less than three-fourths of the required 
lectures and practical lessons, or who has been reported to the Board for bad conduct, 
and adjudged guilty thereof. 

10. Students of the School of Practical Science shall attend such courses of lectures 
as are delivered by the Professors of the University College to the students thereof, so 
far as applicable to both classes of students, while instruction of a practical character in 
the Department of Engineering is especially appointed for students of the School. 

Note. — The fees chargeable are: — For first session, $30; for second, $40; for third, 

$50. 



153 



I. Department of Engineering. 

This Department is intended to afford the necessary preliminary preparation to 
students intending to become Civil Engineers (including under this term Mining 
Engineers.) 

Students who wish to devote themselves to the practice of Mining Engineering are 
allowed to take the work specially mentioned under this head, in the Third Year, and to 
omit the work in Experimental Physics. 

They are advised, however, to take, if possible, the regular course in Civil Engineer- 
ing and the special work subsequently as Special Students. 

The Degree of C. E. is granted by the University of Toronto to such students as 
pass the prescribed examination in Engineering. 

Subjects of the First Year. 

Pure Mathematics. — Euclid, Algebra, Plane Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry of 
two dimensions. 

Applied Mathematics. — Statics and Dynamics (with special reference to Structures 
and Machines). 

Drawing. — Copying from the Flat. Lettering. Model Drawing. Map and Topo- 
graphical Drawing. Orthographic (including Isometric), and Oblique Projections. 
Graphics. 

Surveying. — Field and Office Work — Chain and Compass Surveys — Topography — 
Preliminary Instruction in use of the Transit and Theodolite — Plotting, Mensuration. 

Chemistry. — General Chemistry. Practical Chemistry. 
Subjects of the Second Year. 

Pure Mathematics. — Differential and Integral Calculus. Spherical Trigonometry. 
Applied Mathematics. — Hydrostatics. Geometrical Optics. Plane Astronomy. 

Experimental Physics. — Light: Use of the Heliostat and Spectroscope. Experiments 
with Lenses and Mirrors. Theory of the Telescope and Microscope, and Reflecting 
instruments. 

Drawing. — Subjects of First Year continued. Coloring and Shading. Descriptive 
Geometry, including Projections of the Sphere and Theory of Mapping. Machines and 
Structures. 

Engineering and Surveying. — Theodolite Surveying (including laying out Railway 
Curves). Principles of Geodesy (considering the Earth a Sphere). Applied Mechanics. 
Theory of Strength of Materials. Materials of Construction. Methods and Processes. 
Theory of the Theodolite, Transit-Theodolite and Level, 

Chemistry. — Practical Chemistry. 

Chemistry {Applied). — Combustion, Fuel, and Furnaces. Artificial Lighting. 
Explosives. Laboratory Practice. 

Mineralogy and Geology. — Elements of these Sciences. Blowpipe Practice. Deter- 
mination of Minerals. 

Subjects of the Third Year. 

Applied Mathematics. — Dynamics of Machines. Thermodynamics and Theory of the 
Steam Engine. Hydraulics. 

Experimental Physics — Heat : Use of the Oathetometer, Dividing Engine, and 
Spherometer, Thermometry and Calorimetry. Principle of Least Squares. 

Drawing. — Subjects of previous years continued. Shades and Shadows, Stone Cut- 
ting, Perspective. Original Designs (Bridges, Roofs, Floors, etc.) 



154 



Engineering and Surveying. — Subjects of previous years continued. Levelling. 
Setting out Excavation, Cross sectioning, Calculation of Quantities. Application of prin- 
ciples to practical problems connected with the design and construction of various Struc- 
tures and Machines, e.g., Foundations, Retaining Walls, Arches, Roofs, Bridges, Roads, 
Railways, Canals, Sewers, Water Wheels, Steam Engines, Hydraulic Machinery, Mining 
Machinery, etc. Practical Astronomy. Geodesy (considering the Earth a Spheroid). 

Chemistry [Applied). — Mortars and Cements. Bricks and Artificial Stones. Preser- 
vation of Wood, Iron and Stone. Water, Air and Sewage. Metallurgy of Iron and 
Steel. "^Metallurgy of Copper, Lead, Silver and Gold. 

Mineralogy and Geology. — Economic Minerals of Ontario. Blowpipe Analysis and 
Determinative Mineralogy. Assaying and Mining Geology, Mining Calculations. 
Crystallography and Palaeontology. 

Dominion and Provincial Land Surveyors. 

Courses of instruction will be given in accordance with the requirements of the 
Statutes relating to the Dominion and Provincial Land Surveyors, which will enable the 
students, who, after examination obtain certificates therein and who have otherwise ful- 
filled the provisions of the said Statutes, to present themselves for final examination 
before the proper Boards, at an earlier period in their apprenticeship than would other- 
wise be permitted. 

Extracts from the Provincial Act Respecting Land Surveyors and the Survey of Lands. 

12. — (2) Any person who has followed a regular course of study at the Ontario 
School of Practical Science in the subjects of drawing, surveying and levelling, and 
geodesy and practical astronomy, and who has thereupon received, after due examination, 
a certificate of having passed one session, two sessions, or three sessions, as the case may 
be, in the study of the aforesaid subjects, may, after having passed the preliminary 
examination hereinbefore required for admission to apprenticeship with a land surveyor, 
be received as an apprentice by any practising land surveyor, and shall thereupon, if he 
has received a certificate of having passed three sessions in the study of the said subjects, 
be only holden ^to serve as such apprentice during twelve successive months of actual 
service; or, in case he has only received a certificate of having passed only one or two 
sessions, as the case may be, in the study of the said subjects, then, for such time of 
actual service as, with the period spent by him at such session or sessions, suffices to make 
up the full term of three years. 

(3) After such actual service, such person shall, subject to the other provisions of 
this Act, have the same right to present himself for and to undergo the examination 
required by law, and if found qualified, then to be admitted to practice as a land sur- 
veyor, as if he had served the full three years' apprenticeship otherwise required by law. 

14. The privilege of a shortened term of apprenticeship shall also be accorded to any 
graduate of the Military College at Kingston and of the Ontario School of Practical 
Science, and such person shall not be required to pass the preliminary examination here- 
inbefore required for admission to apprenticeship with a land surveyor, but shall only be 
bounden to serve under articles with a practising land surveyor duly filed as required by 
section 17 of this Act, during twelve successive months of actual practice, after which, on 
complying with all the other requirements, he may undergo the examination by this Act 
prescribed. 

Extract from the Dominion Lands Act. 

Every graduate in surveying of the Royal Military College of Canada, and every 
person who has followed a regular course of study in all the branches of education 
required by this Act for admission as a Dominion Land Surveyor, through the regular 
sessions, for at least two years in any College or University where a complete course of 

*Mining Engineering only. 



155 



theoretical and practical instruction in surveying is organized, and who has thereupon 
rceived from sush College or University a Diploma as Civil Engineer, shall be exempt 
from serving three years as aforesaid, and shall be entitled to examination after one 
year's service under articles with a Dominion Land Surveyor, at least six months of 
which service has been in the field, on producing the affidavit required by the next pre- 
ceding clause as to such service; but it shall rest with the Board to decide whether the 
course of instruction in such College or University is that required by this clause. 

2. — Department of Assaying and Mining Geology. 

In this Department the student is fully prepared in all the methods of analysis 
necessary to render him a competent Assayer. He is also qualified to survey and report 
upon the value of mineral lands. 

Subjects of First Year. 

1. Elementary Mathematics, including Mensuration and Plane Trigonometry. 

2. Elements of Natural Philosophy, including Mechanics and Hydraulics. 

3. Inorganic Chemistry. • 

4. Elementary Mineralogy and Blowpipe Practice. 

5. Elementary Biology. 

6. Physical Geography, Palaeontology and Geology. 

7. Drawing. 

Subjects of Second Year. 

1. Higher Mathematics, including Spherical Trigonometry, etc. 

2. Chemistry, with Laboratory practice in Qualitative Analysis. 

3. Blowpipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy. 

4. Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada. 

5. Surveying and Levelling. 

Subjects of Third Year. 

1. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 

2. Metallurgy. 

3. Assaying. 

4. Study of Metallic Veins and other Mineral Deposits, Mining Calculations, Ex- 
aminations of Mineral Lands. 

3. — Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 

This Department is under the charge of the Professor of Applied Chemistry. 

The course is intended to render the student proficient in all the methods of Ana- 
lytical Chemistry, and to fit him for such positions as that of Public Analyst, Consulting 
Chemist in regard to Manufactures, or Resident Chemist in manufactories where such is 
required. 

Subjects of First Year. 

1. Algebra, Euclid and Plane Trigonometry. 

2. Natural Philosophy, with work in Laboratory. 

3. Elementary Biology. 

4. Inorganic Chemistry, Elementary and Advanced, with work in the Laboratory. 

Subjects of Second Year. 

1. Elementary Mineralogy and Geology. 

2. Blowpipe Practice and Assaying. 

3. Organic Chemistry with Applied Chemistry, Laboratory Work in Qualitative and 
Quantitative Analysis. 



156 



Subjects of Third Year. 

Candidates are expected to be able to read Chemical Works in the French and Ger- 
man languages. 

1. Applied Chemistry. 

2. Inorganic Chemistry, including Thermo-Chemistry and the study of Mendelejeff 's 
Periodic Law. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Historical Development of Chemical 
Theory and Physiological Chemistry. 

3. Laboratory Works, including Technical Analysis, Quantitative Mineral Analysis, 
a prescribed course in Physiological Chemistry, and in Chemistry in its relations to 
Hygiene and Forensic Medicine. 

Synopsis of the Courses of Lectures and Practical Instruction Given in Each 

Department. 

I. Engineering. 

g^Text-books for the First Year marked (a); for Second Year, (b); for Third 
Year, (cj. 

(/.) Drawing. 

Model Drawing, Machines and Structures, Map and Topographical Drawing, Designs 
and Estimates, Graphical Calculations. 

Descriptive Geometry, including Practical Geometry (Plane and Solid); Ortho- 
graphic, Oblique and Perspective Projections; Intersections of Surfaces, Shades and 
Shadows, Stone Cutting, Principles of Mechanism, Theory of Mapping, etc. 

Text Books and Books of Reference. — Davidson's Projections. Angel's Plane and 
Solid Geometry, Binns' Orthographic Projection. Church's Descriptive Geometry (a), 
(6), (c). Warren's Stone Cutting (c). McCord's Lessons in Mechanical Drawing. 
Worthen's Topographical Drawing (a), (b), (c). 

Fee for Special Students, $10. 

(II.) Surveying and Levelling. 

Land Surveying — Chain Surveys. Compass and Theodolite Surveys. Methods of 
Keeping Field Notes. Determination of Heights and Distances. Plotting. 

Levelling — Longitudinal and Cross Sections. Plotting. 

Setting Out — Setting out Straight Lines and Curves. Setting out Levels. 

Mensuration — Lines, Surfaces and Solids. Timber, Masonry, Iron and Earthwork. 
Capacities of Reservoirs, etc. 

Lectures will also be given on the distinctive features of Mining and Hydrographic 
Surveying. 

Text Books. — Murray's Manual of Land Surveying (a). Gillespie's Higher Survey- 
ing (6), (c). Henck's or Trautwine's Railway Curves (b). 

Fee for Special Students, $10. 

(Ill) Geodesy and Practical Astronomy. 

Geodesy — Field Work. Computation of the Triangles (considering the Earth, 1st 
as a Sphere; 2nd, a Spheroid). Determination of the Figure of the Earth. 

Practical Astronomy. — Methods of determining Latitude, Local Time, Direction of 
the Meridian, and Difference of Longitude. Theory of the Theodolite, Transit-Theodolite, 
Level, Sextant, and Solar Compass. 

Text Books. — Gillespie's Higher Surveying (b), (c). Chauvenet's Spherical and 
Practical Astronomy (c). Nautical Almanac for 1889 (c). Chambers' Practical Mathe- 
matics (c). 

Fee for Special Students, $15. 



157 



(IV.) Applied Mechanics. 

Statics. — The Calculation of the Stresses in Framed Structures, Solid and Riveted 
Beams, Stone Arches, etc. ' Both Graphical and Analytical Methods used. 

Theory of the Strength of Materials. — Designing of Structures in Timber, Iron and 
Masonry — Arches, Retaining Walls, Foundations, Roofs, Bridges, etc. 

Dynamics. — Representation and Measurement of Forces and Motions. Principles of 
Work and Energy. Efficiency of Machines. Friction. Transmission of Energy — Belts, 
Shafts, Crank and Connecting Rod, etc. Fly- Wheels, Governors. Balancing of 
Machinery, etc., etc. 

Strength of the Parts of Machines. 

Machine Design. 

Hydraulics. — Discharge of Water through Orifices, Notches, etc. Flow in Pipes 
and Open Channels. Water Power. Water Wheels, Turbines, Pumps, etc. 

Thero-Dynamics and Theory of the Steam Engine. 

Text Books and Books of Reference. — Von Ott — Graphic Statics (a). DuBois — 
Graphical Statics. DuBois — Strains in Framed Structures. Wood — Resistance of 
Materials. Wood — Bridges and Roofs. Rankine — Applied Mechanics (6), (c). Rankine 
— Steam Engine and other Prime Movers. Unwin — Elements of Machine Design. 
Shann — Elementary Treatise on Heat (c). Kennedy — Mechanics of Machinery. Jack- 
son — Hydraulic Manual (c). Neville — Hydraulic Tables and Formulae (c). 

Fee for Special Students, $15. 

(V.) Principles of Mechanism. 

Principles of the Transmission of Motion without reference to Force : — Pitch sur- 
faces, Spur Wheels, Bevel Wheels, Skew-bevel Wheels, Trains of Wheel work, Teeth of 
Wheels, Cams, Cranks, Eccentrics, Links, Bands and Pulleys, Hydraulic Connections, 
Frictional Gearing, Link Motion for Slide Valves, etc., etc. 

Text Books and Books of Reference. — Rankine — Machinery and Millwork. Camus — 
Teeth of Wheels. MacCord — Slide Valve and Eccentric. Goodeve — Elements of 
Mechanism. 

Fee for Special Students, $15. 

The foregoing comprises the work to which the lectures and practical instruction 
will be principally confined. In addition, the Student will be required to obtain, by 
reading and observation during his course, a certain amount of information regarding the 
processes and details of Engineering Works, as below : — 

(VI.) Engineering Works. 

Roads and Bridges. 
Canals and Harbors. 
Water and Sewage Works. 
Manufacture of Iron and Steel. 
Manufacture of Mortars and Cements. 
Workshop and Foundry Practice. 
Mining Machinery and Processes. 

Since information on these subjects is given in a plain and intelligible manner in 
the various treaties relating thereto, which can always be consulted by the Engineer when 
engaged in the actual practice of his profession, it has not been deemed expedient that 
much time should be given to them in the School. 



158 



(VII.) Mathematics. 

The Pure Mathematics included in this course will be taught in University College. 
The Applied Mathematics will be taught partly in University College and partly in 
the School. 

(VIII.) Vacation Work. 

Thesis and Construction Notes. 

A subject will be given at the end of each session on which the student will be 
required to write a Thesis (accompanied with drawings and specifications when necessary), 
during the subsequent vacation. 

The student will also be required to make, during the vacation, full and clear notes 
of various constructions of engineering interest that may fall under his notice. 

The value of both the Thesis and the construction notes will be taken into account 
in determining his standing at the next following examination. 

Subject of Thesis for Second Year. — Roads, Streets and Pavements. 
" " Third " Sanitary Drainage. 

Books of Reference. — Gillmore — Poads, Streets and Pavements. Waring — Sanitary 
Drainage of Houses and Towns. Latham — Sanitary Engineering. 

Any other works on the above subjects may be consulted, and results of original 
observation should be given. 

II. Chemistry. 
All the instruction in this subject is given in the School of Practical Science. 

Courses of Lectures. 

I. Inorganic Chemistry. — A course on Elementary Inorganic Chemistry suited to 
the Pass Examination, University of Toronto ; to the Medical Examination, First Year, 
University of Toronto ; and to the Eirst Year, Engineering Course, School of Practical 
Science. 

A Course on the Application of Chemical Theory to Calculation for the First Year, 
Engineering Course. 

A Course on Advanced Inorganic Chemistry for the Second Year, Honor Science 
Examination, University of Toronto. 

A Course on the Theory of Qualitative Analysis for the Second Year, Honor Science 
Examination, University of Toronto. 

//. Organic Chemistry. — A Course on Organic Chemistry for the Third Year, Honor 
Science Examination, University of Toronto. 

A Course on Elementary Organic Chemistry, for the Medical Examination, Second 
Year, University of Toronto. 

III. Historical Development of Chemical Theory. — A Course for the Fourth Year 
Examination in Science, University of Toronto. 

IV. Physiological Chemistry. — A Course for the Fourth Year Examination an 
Science, University of Toronto. 

V. Applied Chemistry. — A Course on the Chemistry of Combustion, Fuel, Furnace, 
Artificial Lighting and Explosives, suited to the Examination for Second Year, Engineer- 
ing Course. 

A Course on the Chemistry of .Building Materials, Water, Air and Sewage, and on 
Metallurgy, suited to the Examination for Third Year, Engineering Course. 



159 



Practical Work in the Laboratory. 

I. Courses including Qualitative Analysis, suited to the Examinations for (a) First 
Year, Engineering Course; (b) Second Year, Honor Science, University of Toronto; (c) 
First Year, Medicine, University of Toronto. 

II. Courses including Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis, for (a) Second Year, 
Engineering Course ; (b) Third Year, Honor Science, University of Toronto. 

III. Physiological Chemistry for Second Year Examination in Medicine, University 
of Toronto. 

IV. Forensic and Hygienic Chemistry for Third Year Examination in Medicine, 
University of Toronto. 

Y. A Course for Fourth Year Examination in Science, University of Toronto. 

III. Mineralogy and Geology. 

Courses of Lectures. 

1. Elementary Course. — Rudiments of Mineralogy. Geology and Paleontology. 
Physical Geography. 

Text Books and Books of Reference. — Chapman's Mineralogy and Geology of Canada, 
3rd edition. Dana's Manual of Mineralogy. Dana's Text Book of Geology. Page's 
Physical Geography. Johnston's Elementary Physical Atlas. 

2. Advanced Course. — Mineralogy and Crystallography. Geology and Palaeontology. 
Mathematics of Crystallography. Physical Geography. Geology and Palaeontology of 
Canada. 

Text Books and Books of Reference. — Dana's System of Mineralogy. Chapman's 
Outline of the Geology of Canada, 1876. Nicholson's Palaeontology. Chapman's 
Synopsis. 

Practical Courses. 

1. Use of Blowpipe — Chapman's Blowpipe Practice. 
Fee, $10. 

2. Blowpipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy. Economic Minerals of Canada. 
Keral's Leitfaden bei qual. u. quant. Lothrohr-UDtersuchungen, etc. Aufl. 2. 

Plattner's Blowpipe Treatise. Von Kobell's Tafeln. Chapman's Mineral Tables. 
Fee, |15. 

3. Assaying. — Mitchell's Assaying, by Crooks. Kerl's Probirkunst. Chapman's 
Assay Notes. 

Fee, $50. 

4. Mining Geology. — Books of Reference — Burat's Geologie Appliquee and Cours 
d'Exploitation des Mines. Niederist's Bergbaukunde. Yon Cotta's Erzlagerstatten. 

Fee, $20. 

IV. Biology. 

Those students of the School of Practical Science who are required to take Biology 
as part of their course join the Art Classes of the University of Toronto. 
The following arrangements will be in force during the year 1888-9 : 

1. A course of Elementary Lectures on Biology will be given on Wednesdays and 
Fridays at 1 2 noon to prepare Candidates for the University Examination of the First 
Year. 

2. A course of more advanced Lectures on Animal Physiology for Honor Students 
of the Second Year will be given three times a week at an hour to be arranged. 

Text Book. — Yeo's Manual of Physiology. 



160 



3. Candidates for the Second Year Honor Examination in addition to attending the 
above Lectures will study Thome's Lehrbuch der Zoologie as an introduction to the 
Zoology of the Yertebrata. 

4. The Practical Course for Honor Students of the Second Year will be devoted to 
the methods of Biological Investigation, and to the study of typical forms of plants and 
animals, such as are treated of in Huxley and Martin's Elementary Practical Biology, 
new edition. Necessary Works of Reference will be found in the Laboratory. There 
will also be opportunities for the study of the Canadian Yertebrate Fauna (Text-book, 
Jordan's American Vertebrates), and for a revision of the Canadian Flowering Plants, 
but the student is expected to have familiarized himself with the Canadian Flora during 
the preceding long vacation. 

For Reference — Spotton's Canadian Flora or Gray's Manual. 

5. Honor Students of the Third Year will study Cryptogamic Botany and Vegetable 
Physiology twice a week during the Michaelmas Term, and during the Easter Term the 
Zoology of the Invertebrata. 

Books of Reference. — 1. G-oebel's Outlines of the Classification of Plants. 2. Vines's 
Lectures on the Physiology of Plants. 3. Claus's Zoology, translated by Sedgwick. 

6. The Practical Course for Third Year Students will be devoted to the study of 
typical forms of Cryptogamic Plants and Invertebrate Animals. In addition to the 
text books referred to above Brooks's Invertebrate Zoology will be required. 

7. Weidersheim-Parker's Elements of Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrata, and 
Foster's Physiology, last English edition, are recommended for Honor Students of the 
Fourth Year, and the following works will be required in the Practical Course : 

1. Klein's Elements of Histology. 

2. Parker's Zootomy. 

3. Foster and Balfour's Embryology. 

4. Charles' Physiological Chemistry. 

Works of reference on Bacteriology and the other subjects specified in the University 
Curriculum will be found in the Laboratory. 

8. Students of all years are required to provide themselves with dissecting instru- 
ments, slides, cover-glasses, etc., and to pay a Laboratory fee for the use of microscopes 
and material for study. 

V. Mathematics and Physics. 

The Ordinary Course embraces Euclid, Algebra, Plane Trigonometry, Statics of 
Solids and Fluids, Dynamics of a Particle, Geometrical Optics, Sound, Heat, Electricity, 
and Plane Astronomy. 

The Lectures in Physics will be fully illustrated by experiments. 

The Advanced Course embraces Spherical Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry (Plane 
and Solid), Differential and Integral Calculus, Theory of Equations, Statics of Solids and 
Fluids, Particle and Rigid Dynamics, Hydrodynamics, Optics, Acoustics, Thermo- 
dynamics, Electricity, and Astronomy. 

VI. Ethnology. 

Anthropology. The Skull, its bones and sutures. Structure and functions of the 
brain. Typical race-forms of head. Hair, color and other distinctive ethnical elements. 
Succession of races. The Prehistoric, Unhistoric, and Historic races. 

Physical evidences of diversity of race. 

Philological evidence. 

The Lectures are illustrated by means of maps, drawings, specimens of typical skulls, 
primitive implements, etc. 

Text Books. — Tylor's Anthropology : an introduction to the study of Man and Civil- 
ization. Brace's Manual of Ethnology. Latham's Ethnology of British Isles. Latham's 



161 



Ethnology of Europe. Latham's Man and his Migrations. Max Miiller's Science of 
Language, 1st Series. 

Additional Books of Reference. — Pritchard's Researches into the Physical History of 
Man. Pritchard's Eastern Origin of the Celtic Language (Latham's Ed.) Latham's 
Varieties of Man. Neibuhr's Ethnography. Wilson's Prehistoric Man (3rd Ed.) 

Physical Laboratory and Workshop. 

The Physical Laboratory which has been lately established in connection with Uni- 
versity College is furnished with a large collection of apparatus for lecture experiments 
in the Departments of Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat and Electricity. It is also well 
supplied with instruments of precision for individual work in the same departments. In 
addition to an Elementary Laboratory, there are several special Laboratories, which offer 
unusual facilities for the conduct of experiments in the various branches of Physics. 

The electrical apparatus include Electrometers, Galvanometers, Resistance Coils and 
Bridges, Testing Keys, Batteries, Electrical Machines (Holz and Carre"), Ruhmkorff 
Coils, Crookes' Tubes, Telephones, etc., etc. 

The workshop contains a gas engine, lathes and other tools. 

Modern Languages. 

Students in the regular courses are admitted, without extra charge, to the Erench 
and German classes in University College (see regulation 10). No special examinations 
are held in these languages, but it is expected that every student of a regular course 
should be able to acquaint himself with the contents of any of the works necessary to his 
profession written in these languages. Such books may be prescribed for the terminal 
examinations. 

Libraries, Museums, Etc. 

The Library, Museums and Herbarium of the University of Toronto are open to 
regular students. 

The Graduates. 

The following is a list of Graduates who hold positions for which they were qualified 
by their course of study at the School of Science : — 

G. H. Duggan, Dominion Bridge Co., Montreal. 

J. W. Tyrrell, P. and D.L.S., Canadian Pacific Railway, Maine. 

D. Burns, Fellow in Engineering, School of Practical Science, Toronto. 

A. R. Raymer, Assistant Engineer, Canadian Pacific Railway, Greenville, Me. 
W. C. Kirkland, Canadian Pacific Railway. 
J. McDougall, B.A., Welland Canal. 

E. E. Henderson, Canadian Pacific Railway, Brownville, Me. 
T. K. Thompson, Dominion Bridge Co., Montreal. 

H. G. Tyrrell, Assistant Engineer, Canadian Pacific Railway, Maine. 
A. E. Lott, Atcheson, Topeka and Santa Ee Railway, Topeka, Kan. 



12 (T.E.) 



162 



APPENDIX. 



In order to ascertain the state of public opinion on the question of technical educa- 
tion, and at the same time call attention to the necessity for immediate action, the follow- 
ing circular was sent to the leading manufacturing engineers, architects and foremen of 
large factories, and working men representing the various industries of Ontario. 

Toronto, 3rd December, 1888. 

Dear Sir, — I purpose submitting to the Legislative Assembly at its next session, a 
scheme for establishing, in the School of Practical Science, full courses of instruction 
in Applied Chemistry, Applied Mechanics and Architecture. 

While, in the interests of the industrial classes, it is necessary that the course of 
instruction should be thoroughly practical, and at the same time educational, it is also 
necessary that the special wants of the industries of the country should be kept in view. 
It occurred to me, therefore, if I only could consult those employing skilled labor 
of various kinds, that I should be able to provide this special training with more cer- 
tainty and satisfaction to both manufacturer and artisan. 

I have accordingly decided to invite a number of manufacturers, skilled mechanics 
and others having interests of a similar character, to meet me at the Education 
Department on Wednesday, the 19th instant, at 2.30 p. m., in order that I may ascer- 
tain, if possible, on what particular lines, instruction such as I have above indicated, 
could be made most useful. 

The attention of the meeting will be mainly directed (1) To a consideration of the 
various kinds of skilled labor now required to carry on the industries of the country and 
the best means of rendering it more productive and therefore more valuable ; (2) To a 
consideration of what courses of instruction would be necessary to provide such 
skilled labor at home as is now supplied from abroad, and (3) To enquire what industries 
(if any) not yet established in Ontario could be made productive, provided we could supply 
them with skilled labor. 

I shall be gratified if you can make it convenient to attend at the time above men- 
tioned and aid with your counsel and experience. 

Yours truly, 

GEO. W. ROSS, 

Minister of Education. 



In response to the above circular a meeting was held, of which the report that 
follows, taken from the Toronto Globe, may be considered a good summary : 

TECHNICAL EDUCATION ENDORSED BY EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYES. 

Enthusiastic Meeting of Ontario's Manufacturers and Artisans at the Education Department 
— Masterly Address by the Minister of Education — Tiie True Sphere of the School of 
Science set forth. 

The meeting of manufacturers, artisans and others, held yesterday afternoon in the 
Education Department in response to the invitation of Hon. G. W. Ross, Minister of 
Education, must have a powerful influence on the development of our national system 
of education on lines tending towards the recognition of skilled labor and the requi- 



163 



sites necessary to its production. The gentlemen who met Mr. Ross to assist him in 
coming to a proper conclusion as to the best way to reorganize the School of Practical 
Science in the interests of skilled labor, were throughout the meeting profoundly inter- 
ested in the cause which brought them together. It is worthy of note that not a single 
speaker consumed one moment of time to no purpose, the addresses, as might be expected 
from those engaged in callings requiring skill, tact and dexterity, being in every sense of 
the term practical and to the point. They unanimously declared that the time has come 
in Ontario when technical education should be vigorously and unflinchingly supported in 
connection with the National University, giving as their reasons not hearsay or specu- 
lative theories, but the experiences they learned in the industrial establishments con- 
trolled by them, and by the commercial relations they are called upon to hold with foreign 
countries. Canadian skilled labor was not by any means depreciated, but th.e Minister 
of Education was told that it could be made more efficient by providing the future 
artisans of the country with institutions where they might acquire a dexterity of eye and 
hand and a knowledge of the chemical compounds of raw material. It was represented 
that the manufacturer is a daily'loser by being compelled ^o keep in his employ men of 
no practical skill, while the loss to the nation and to the artisan were no less forcibly 
and intelligently set forth. ' The tone of the meeting, the extraordinary amount of infor- 
mation elicited, and the unanimity of the conclusions arrived at, were such as are seldom 
experienced at any public gathering. 

Who Were Present. 

Manufacturers, Artisans, Divines, etc., in Congress. 

The following were present : — E. Burke architect ; W. B. Hamilton, manufacturer ; 
Chas. Rogers, G. B. Smith, M.P.P., Prof. Chapman, Rev. Dr. Sheraton, Sir Daniel Wil- 
son, Rev. Dr. Wild ; Chas. Fuller, manufacturer ; Dr. Stuart, Prof. Young, John 
Cameron ; W. E. Red way, naval architect ; Yicar-General Rooney, Hamilton McCarthy, 
Thomas E. Edmondson ; E. A. Edmondson, miller, Oshawa ; William Macdonald, stone- 
cutter ; J. Mitchell, carpenter ; Rev. Dr. Dewart ; Thomas Martin, miller, Mount 
Forest ; F. H. Yann, woollen manufacturer, Weston ; Dr. Oldright, Silas James, Prof. 
Pike, Geo. McMurrich, Prof. Shuttleworth. D. Burns, E. G. Gurney, James Smith, Wm. 
J. Allen, James Hedley, W. H. Elliott, Samuel Smith, John D. Nasmith, Alex. Nairn, 
Wm. Revell, J. M. Rose, John Baillie, William Purvis, G. T. Berthron, Wm. Folsom, 
Frank E. Leonard, J. Dempster, John Gait, S. S. Malcolmson, Arthur W. Holmes, John 
W. Davey, W. J. Burroughes, Aid. Harvie, M. Shipway, James B. Ives, D. S. Macor- 
quodale, Principal Dickson, W. H. Rodden, Prof. Galbraith, A. M. Wickens, Prof. 
Alfred Baker, W. Campbell, W. R. Brock, M. B. Aylesworth ( Rev. Dr. Davies, Thomas 
Moor, R. W. Gambier-Bonsfield, John W. Dowd, Mr. Taylor, Dr. J. E. White, Elias 
Rogers, O. Wilby, Weston ; E. Samuel, Alan Macdougall, Geo. Smith, W. D. Mathews, 
H. J. Hamilton, Dr. P. H. Bryce. 

Address from the Minister of Education. 

Hon. G. W. Ross stepped behind the table that was placed on the platform and 
opened the proceedings with a compact speech, in which he put lucidly before the meet- 
ing the objects for which they were called together. He began by saying that he felt 
highly honored by the very generous response to the invitation he had sent out by cir- 
cular to meet him for the discussion of such measures as would lead to the improvement 
of the School of Practical Science and more efficient mechanical training of all kinds. 
He had already been considering some immediate changes in the School of Science that 
would very much broaden its course and increase its facilities for a thorough mechanical 
training. When in England he had gone carefully over the Mechanical School of South 
Kensington with a view to obtaining hints for the development of the Canadian 
school, and during a recent visit to the five or six Mechanical schools of the United 
States he had found that the Americans were giving a very large amount of attention to 



164 



that portion of education that would best advance the industries of their country. 
This was particularly interesting to us, as they are our greatest competitors and have a 
system very like ours. The Americans have 90 schools somewhat similar to our School 
of Practical Science, in which are employed 1,000 instructors, and where there attended 
last year 10,532 students. The effect of that large number of skilled mechanics and 
artisans turned out annually among the body of the people could not well be over- 
estimated. 

These American schools are also supported to a considerable extent by the State. 
Forty-eight out of the ninety are endowed with land grants, and possess buildings of a 
total value of $5,152,455, and enjoy a joint income of $962,986. The remaining forty- 
two are not endowed, however ; but they are working in buildings valued at $2,- 
004,422, and receive an annual income amounting to $698,758. 

The Minister continued, stating that the first object of the meeting was to find out 
in what department skilled labor is most urgent. It might be claimed that there was 
no urgency at all for skilled labor, but in reply to this he would refer to the shoals of letters 
he had received from practicaj. men all over the country, which tended to the contrary. 
Iron workers and makers of engines had complained to him of the want of skilled labor, 
and wood-workers and workers in wool similarly. He had been looking at the commercial 
statistics to see what articles we imported that, with skilled labor, we ought to be able to 
manufacture. The returns show that the following articles are imported in the following 
quantities :— Blacking, $54,130; black lead, $25,766; blueing, $37,080; drugs and 
chemicals, $1,101,963 ; fertilisers, $6,988 ; gutta percha, $546,187 ; inks, etc., $71,943 ; 
oils, minerals, etc., $1,226,878 ; paints and colors, $553,549; soaps, $97,679 ; varnishes, 
$113,131. He contended that these things, through knowledge of applied chemistry, 
ought to be manufactured in this country. 

Further, he had investigated the importations of manufactured articles, with the 
following results : — Brass manufactures, $404,161 ; earthenware, $750,691 ; fancy 
goods, $2,480,000 ; glass manufactures, $1,269,482 ; iron and steel manufactures, $9,- 
745,957 ; leather, $1,967,572 ; paper, $1,233,591 ; wood, $1,149,324. A large percent- 
age of the cost of these articles is the labor. In 1881 $30,604,000 was paid to Can- 
adian workingmen in wages, when at the same time $157,989,000 in goods was produced. 
The problem before them was, can the values of the manufactures be raised by 
increasing the skill of the workingmen 1 Many of our mechanics leave us for other 
countries, anpl it is vastly important that by increasing the amount of our manufac- 
tures and by raising the value of our goods and by increasing the skill of the workmen 
that we keep these men within our borders. 

The Minister closed by saying that he would take the chair and endeavor to 
direct the discussion so as to best get at the information he desired to obtain, and 
at the same time to benefit all present. There were three questions to be con- 
sidered : — 

(1) Is there a scarcity of skilled labor 1 

(2) Where does our skilled labor come from 1 Do we produce or import it ? 

(3) What is the best way to procure for us the right kind of skilled labor ? 

He had received a large number of communications from persons who were 
delighted at the object of the meeting, but who were, unfortunately, prevented from 
being present ; among whom were the Mayor, Messrs. Bertram & Son, Mr. Herbert 
Mason and a formidable bundle of others that he refrained from reading. 

The Minister then announced the course which he proposed to take in utilizing the 
meeting to the best advantage for himself and those interested. He would ask manufac- 
turers and mechanics in the different grades of manufactures to give their views, and 
to begin with, he would ask the representatives of the engineering department to address 
the meeting. 

Mr. William Powis, public accountant, desired to make a suggestion. He said 
that the Governments of the Provinces should establish a system of registration, in 
which would be recorded the demand and scarcity of skilled labor and the number 
employed. 



165 



K^Mr. Ross — That has been done recently in this Province by the Bureau of 
Statistics. 

Engineering Department. 

Mr. Poison, president of the Poison Iron Works, Toronto, was then called upon to 
state the requirements of the engineering department of iron manufactures. He read a 
memorandum which was drawn up at a meeting called by the marine and stationary 
engineers of Canada touching the establishment of a School of Practical Science as 
applied to industrial pursuits lb brought out the following points : — (1) That technical 
education should begin in the public schools. (2) The establishment of night schools for 
teaching industrial handicraft, for the encouragement of which there should be founded 
scholarships. (3) The equipment of the schools with such machinery as would give the 
pupils a thorough training in the use of tools, the strength and durability of material, 
and the various uses to which it can be applied. 

Mr. Ross — Do you import any skilled labor yourself, Mr. Poison 1 

"Yes; from England and Scotland." 

" For what purpose ?" 

" For steel shipbuilding." 

4{ Where have the skilled laborers you now employ been trained 1" 

" In Canada, the States and Europe." 

4 'Were any of them trained in the School of Practical Science ?" 

"No." 

" How many skilled laborers have you now V 

"About 400." 

" Have you suffered from the want of skilled labor in your business V 

" We suffer every day. Our industries could be made more profitable to ourselves, 
and, consequently, to our employes, if the latter had received a thorough theoretical and 
practical training." 

" Have you many skilled laborers in your employ V 

" About 80 per cent," 

*' What became of the more highly-skilled mechanics in your establishment V 

" They left for better positions." 

Mr. Ross at this stage announced that Sir Daniel Wilson and Col. Gzowski, who 
were present, had to leave in a short time, and knowing that the meeting would like to 
have their views, he took the liberty of asking them to say a few words. 

Col. Gzowski thanked the Minister of Education for bringing together so important a 
gathering. Practical skilled labor is of high moment, and whether the population of 
Canada can supply all the skilled labor necessary is a matter of deep consideration. In 
France and Germany the workshops are indispensable. The success of the works which 
he (Col. Gzowski) constructed was due to the fact that he always took the skilled advice 
of practical men. Instances were given showing that men in the humblest positions 
had rendered signal service in solving mechanical problems. The only way to 
make men practical is by the School of Practical Science proposed to be established. 
(Applause.) 

Sir Daniel Wilson prefaced his remarks by saying that his brother presided over the 
first technical school established in Britain. That school was in Edinburgh. The School 
of Science in connection with University College was originally founded on an absurd 
basis. The building is not adequate and other appliances are inadequate, because prac- 
tical men had not been consulted in the organisation of the school. He paid a high 
tribute to the teaching staff, but urged that they were hampered in their work by 
lack of accommodation. The speaker hoped public opinion would sustain the Minister 
of Education in placing the school on a proper basis, believing that the province would 
reap rich results. 

The discussion of the engineering department of manufactures was then resumed. 

Mr. Leonard, manufacturer of engines and boilers, London, Ont., gave some emi- 
nently practical information. He heartily agreed with the Minister of Education in 



166 



establishing the School of Practical Science on the basis proposed. He employed 75 
skilled laborers, 50 of whom would do better work if they had received better training. 
They were good enough mechanics, but if they had had the advantages of technical educa- 
tion they would be more useful to their employers. 

Mr. Macorquodale — Is the public suffering from the inferior articles produced by 
what is called unskilled labor 1 

Mr. Leonard — We take care that inferior articles are not produced by efficient and 
attentive supervision. We suffer ourselves from the lack of skilled laborers, and our 
employes are certainly injured in their prospects by want of proper training. It is in 
their interests that I am here to-day. (Cheers.) Employers have to pay mechanics 
according to their skill. Seventy -five per cent, of employes are Canadians, the balance 
are from other countries. They are all self-taught. 

Mr. Davidson — I should like to ask, Mr. Leonard, if it is not a fact that Canadian 
manufacturers prefer United States designs to those of their own country. 

" Yes ; because the Canadian and American practice is similar/' 

Mr. Leonard, in answer to a question, said that it is in theoretical mechanics that 
skilled training is necessary. If the school were to be organized he would send three 
students in three weeks. (Applause.) 

Mr. Inglis, of Inglis & Hunter, then addressed the meeting. He said that he employed 
90 men, not one of whom had taken a course at the School of Practical Science. He 
employed one draughtsman who had received a technical education. His men were deficient 
in theoretical training, but in practical mechanics they could not be beat. There are not 
three of the number employed who could design a steam engine. The foreman gets $3 
per day. He thought his workingmen would attend night schools, as many of them 
express a regret that there were not such institutions where they might learn more theo- 
retical and practical skill. 

Mr. A. H. Campbell — What proportion is the skilled labor in your works to the 
unskilled ? 

Mr. Inglis — We have only about 20 unskilled laborers in our place. 

Iron and Wood Workers. 

Messrs. E. Gurney, W. H. Withrow, and others have an innings. 

Mr. E. Gurney, of the Gurney manufacturing establishment, was called on to speak 
in behalf of stove manufacturers. He said that he was always interested in the cause of 
practical and theoretical training of artisans. Never were manufacturers more indebted 
to a Minister than to Mr. Ross for calling the meeting. It would result in good. There 
was too much attention paid in the past to the learned professions. The School of Practical 
Science is going to assist the manufacturers in future. He would rather give his 
money for practical education than for any other purpose he knew of. The power of 
using tools is a necessary factor in technical education. Facility of head and hand are 
requisite for every skilled mechanic. In his establishment there are not four men who 
had received a technical education. All manufacturers lose money by the want of skilled 
labor. An enormous amount of money is lost because men do not know the chemistry of 
their work. How many men know, for example, the chemistry of iron ? Yery few. It 
is time this should be changed. The loss of the manufacturer is the loss of the men. 
In reference to the School of Practical Science, Mr. Gurney said that it ought to be 
made a place of practical utility. It should be so organized that it should be man- 
aged by a board thoroughly representative of men of all classes. We can get as good 
patternmakers in Canada as in the United States, but their skill would be increased 
by a course of more or less training in technology. 

Thomas Lloyd — Would not a thorough apprenticeship system be better than tech- 
nical education, Mr. Gurney 1 

Both together would still be better. (Laughter.) 



167 



Mr. Gurney proceeded then to illustrate the benefits accruing to the mechanics 
themselves from the highest skill possible in their work, arguing that they no£ only 
made more money but they also received the respect and esteem of their employers and 
fellow-employ 6s. 

W. H. Roden, of Toronto, had never known of a time yet when skilled labor was 
not to be had in Toronto, but admitted that there was a scarcity of educated 
labor. 

W. H. Withrow was the first of the wood manufacturers to be called upon. He 
said that the apprentice system has been entirely given up in his department in Can- 
ada, and they were compelled to depend for their best men upon those who gradu- 
ated from the workshops of the Old Country. His experience was that the best man 
is always the cheapest man. 

In answer to the Minister, he said that he employed about one hundred men, 
none of whom had any technical training. He paid his best trained men the highest 
wages. 

To Mr. Lloyd, he said that it would be a benefit to the journeyman carpenters 
were a thorough system of apprenticeship established, and also that it would benefit 
carpenters who are devoid of this training if the proposed school would provide 
classes in the evening which they could attend. He thought the younger and more 
ambitious would take advantage of this opportunity. 

Mr. Thomas Moore opined that it was evident from the tone of the meeting that 
the imparting of technical education to mechanics and artisans was an absolute necessity. 
He advocated dotting the Province and the different districts of the city with " technical 
education " schools. From years' experience with carpenters, he was confident that they 
would take advantage of such schools gladly. 

The Minister pointed out that they had 186 Mechanics' Institutes in operation 
throughout the Province last year, and they were attended by only 2,000 students. 

Mr. Moore feared that many workingmen thought these institutes impracticable. A 
man in his trade must have geometry — it is virtually his right hand. 

Hon. Mr. Ross — These institutes teach geometry. 

Rev. Dr. Wild urged that these proposed schools should be for this distinct purpose 
alone. The failure of the Mechanics' Institutes was that so many different classes at- 
tended there. 

Mr. Boustead, architect, favored the establishment of technical schools. He said, 
in answer to Hon. Mr. Ross, that it would be a great advantage to him to have a place 
in Toronto where the strength of wood, plaster and cement could be tested. Now they 
must go to the States to get these materials tested. 

Mr. Smith, architect, confessed that they ha^d no means of testing wood, brick or 
iron. In iron he depended upon formulas. 

Mr. Gurney — Isn't it dangerous to depend upon formulas in iron ? 

Several architects — Yes, very dangerous. 

Mr. Rogers, manufacturer of woodwork, found plenty of skilled men in Canada for 
his business. He was heartily in favor of giving as much information as possible to 
boys about to learn a trade. He had had a great deal of experience in training boys, 
and described quite vividly the details of his methods. 

To the Minister, Mr. Rogers said that now he had to import no woodcarvers. The 
drawings for woodcarvings could be taught in a technical school or at a night 
school. 

Thomas Lloyd proceeded to say that carpenters did not object to the School of Prac- 
tical Science, but they objected to manual training in the Public schools. 

Mr. Ross here interposed by saying that manual training was not before the meeting. 
He might call one to consider that matter. 

Mr. Withrow advocated the having in connection with Mechanics' Institutes techni- 
cal classes in the most practical sense of the subject. 

Mr. A. F. Jury said that a feeling prevailed in Mechanics' Institutes that mechanics 
are not wanted there. 

Mr. Ross — I never thought they were created for aristocrats. (Laughter.) 



168 



Woollen Manufacturers. 

The movement calculated to greatly benefit this industry. 

Mr. Wilby, woollen manufacturer, Weston, claimed that a great deal of importance 
ought to be given to this branch of manufactures. Woollens were largely manufactured 
in Canada, and he believed a School of Practical Science would do much towards perfect- 
ing to a larger extent, the finishing, dyeing and designing branches of the trade. He 
employed from 175 to 200 men, one-half of whom, as a rule, hailed from European 
countries. Of the whole number only one had received a technical education. The speaker 
ciosed by an earnest appeal for the establishment of the School of Science on the lines 
proposed by the Minister of Education, and by endorsing the views expressed by pre- 
vious speakers to the effect that unskilled labor is a daily loss to every employer. 

Applied Chemistry. 

Mr. R. W. Elliott champions this subject in an able speech. 

Mr. E. W. Elliott took the platform to champion the cause of applied chemistry as 
a branch of national education. He assured the Minister of Education that he would 
have the sympathy of manufacturers and workers in the course he proposed taking. 
Every loyal Canadian would assist in lending all aid possible towards making technical 
education a success, because if properly understood, untold wealth and commercial enter- 
prise would result therefrom. He warned the meeting against looking for immediate 
results from the school, but good would eventually flow from its teaching. He dealt in 
dyes, most of which were imported. Some of them must be imported, but many of them 
could be manufactured in Canada if skilled labor were available. The speaker then went 
on to relate the course pursued in England and on the Continent with respect to techni- 
cal education. Boys graduated from the technical schools to the workshops, bringing 
with them there the skill of hand and the knowledge of the component parts of the raw 
material. It was this feature of education that enabled the artisans of the 0]d Country 
to turn out articles of a highly finished and artistic character He closed a very practi- 
cal address by dwelling on the good to be achieved from a school which should have on 
its curriculum applied chemistry, and again assuring Mr. Ross that his scheme would be 
universally endorsed. 

Various Speakers. 

Prof. Shuttleworth, Mr. Curry, Vicar-Gen. Rooney, and Principal Dickson. 

Prof. Shuttleworth was very glad of the inauguration of this movement, inasmuch 
as he owed no small share of his training to such a technical school. He quoted Prof. 
Poscoe in support of technical scientific training, and stated that in his line they im- 
ported many articles that might be produced here. For instance the gas works have 
allowed large quantities of ammonia to run to waste, defiling the bay for years, and they 
were just about preparing to manufacture it in a soluble form, which would add $70,000 
odd annually to the wealth of the country. He strongly recommended the addition of 
night classes to the schools. 

Mr. Curry (Darling & Curry), secretary of the Architects' Guild, said that there 
were several boys in the city, to his knowledge, who thought of going to the States for 
a technical training. His great difficulty was to get his young men to consider the 
strength of building material and the strongest methods of putting them together. This 
was certainly a great loss to the profession and to the public. He thought it would be 
of immense value to the profession to have an historical training in the various styles of 
architecture, as well as some culture in acoustics, ventilation, etc. He was of opinion 
that, were such a school established, the members of the Architects' Guild would com- 
pel their students to attend. This statement was applauded by the other architects 
present. 



169 



Vicar-General Rooney appeared for the Separate School Board, and earnestly favored 
the proposal. Such a school would provide practical training for their young men and 
make them better citizens. In the Separate Schools they had something of drawing, but 
thought that it should be greatly increased. 

Principal Dickson, of Upper Canada College, thought that little more than draw- 
ing and amateur modelling could be taught in the Public schools, but in residential 
schools, such as the one at whose head he was, much more could be done. The lads there 
could be taught a little carpentering, or photography, or some similar occupation, when 
they, perhaps, could not go on the play-ground. 

Saw Mills. 

Mr. A. H. Campbell names one more industry to be benefited. 

Mr. A. H. Campbell, just before the meeting came to a close, instanced the case of 
saw mills as industrial concerns demanding skill, care and dexterity. He warmly en- 
dorsed the proposed School of Science, believing that the fullest and most useful education 
should be afforded every man in the nation. He would not approve of admitting every 
applicant to the school, because there are boys so constituted that such a training as given 
in technical schools would fee of no use to them. 

Dr. Wild then proposed a vote of thanks to the Minister of Education for bringing 
such an interesting meeting together, which was seconded by Mr. Gurney in terms that 
left no doubt of his warm sympathy with the scheme proposed. 

Before the vote was put, Mr. A. F. Jury assured the meeting that trades organiza- 
tions were not opposed to technical education as explained by Mr. Ross and the various 
speakers during the afternoon. He proposed that the school to be reorganized should 
also teach the distribution of wealth and kindred economic subjects. 



A Geologist and Mineralogist. 

361 Spadina Avenue, 19th Dec, 1888. 

Sir, — May I ask you to give me space to put in a plea on behalf of a class of in- 
dustries which did not come under discussion at the meeting held under the presidency 
of the Minister of Education this afternoon, viz., those which have to do with the develop- 
ment of the mineral resources of the Province % 

My plea is that instruction shail be given in mineralogy and structural geology to 
men who propose to employ such knowledge in actual field work, as miners or prospectors. 
A knowledge of mineralogy is necessary to enable them to distinguish mineral substances 
and know their properties, whilst an acquaintance with structural geology will enable 
them to prosecute the search systematically, recognizing the relation of the ore-bearing 
rock or the rock being quarried for commercial purposes, to other rocks with which it 
may be associated. Elementary chemistry is, of course, involved in mineralogy, whilst 
some acquaintance with palaeontology will be necessitated by a study of structural 
geology. 

I think it is little known what a large and increasing army of men take the field 
annually for the purpose of discovering valuable ore deposits or other mineral substances 
of use in the arts. These men should be qualified for their work by such instruction, 
and I need hardly point out that they should have free access to a complete collection of 
specimens of all the mineral substances known to occur within the Province. 

As an incentive to diligence I would recommend that certificates of attendance and 
proficiency should be given periodically, which would aid the recipients in obtaining 
employment. 

James T. B. Ives, F.G.S. 

13 (T. E.) 



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